Introspection vs Behaviourism - 849 Words

So, should psychology study things and hypothesize about things that are not directly observable? Before I begin my argument I want to point out that the word psychology is the combination of two terms - study (ology) and soul (psyche), or mind. The derivation of the word from Latin gives it this clear and obvious meaning: The study of the soul or mind. I believe that Behaviourists such as Watson wished to alter the meaning of the word ‘psychology’ because it was not sufficient or capable of answering the metaphysical questions such as â€Å"what is the mind?† and â€Å"what is consciousness?† They believed that the discipline could only be effective or ‘scientific’ if every hypothetical question could be operationalized and therefore quantified,†¦show more content†¦Human motivations, emotions, thoughts and behaviours are messy, unpredictable and every human being is a unique bit of mystery. Maybe it shouldn’t be a question of ‘can the experiment be replicated in the laboratory’ because we don’t live in labs. I believe a more pragmatic approach will eventually answer many of the questions psychology struggles with and that’s also what I think MacDougall was advocating in his argument. Watson, as a leading behaviourist of the day advocated for complete rejection of mental phenomena and the concept of consciousness had no place in science b/c mental phenomena cannot be directly observable. So Watson was suggesting that psychology can only be defined as a science if it denies the mind, whaa?! I suggest advocates for this position would instead be more comfortable if they left â€Å"Psych†ology to its rightful place as the study of the human mind, and therefore human nature, and instead form a science called Behaviourology. But really, what is the point of experimenting and making observations if you don’t further attempt to determine WHY the observed behaviour occurs? For example: take a child that was physically abused every day of his life and then observe that he grows into an adult who physically abuses his children. Wow how fascinating, not. I believe that this only becomes a question for/of psychology when the observer attempts to determine WHY these patterns ofShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Psychology And New Schools1057 Words   |  5 Pagesdown of mental processes into its most fundamental components in trying to understand a person s mind. Then came functionalism (James,1902). Functionalists weren t concerned with mental processes, but in the role, that these processes played. Behaviourism (Watson, 1931) attempts to explain behaviour by environmental causes rather than by internal forces. They believe in experimenting on observable components while completely ignoring the unobservable mental processes. Gestalt psychology (WertheimerRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind And Behavior1264 Words   |  6 Pagesthat we are born with imprinted knowledge. Aristotle, a student of Plato, theorized the concept that we were born a blank canvas and the development of our minds are sculpted by our experience, demonstrating that modern psychological debates of nature VS nurture, and interests of the functions of the mind, have been discussed for centuries. Psychology as we know it today is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. All scientists whether chemists, biologists, physicists or psychologists mustRead MorePsychology Ncert Book 1 Chapter Notes11190 Words   |  45 Pagesconstituents or the building blocks of the mind. Psychologists during Wundt’s time analysed the structure of the mind through introspection and therefore were called structuralists. Introspection was a procedure in which individuals or subjects in psychological experiments were asked to describe in detail, their own mental processes or experiences. However, introspection as a method did not satisfy many other psychologists. It was considered less scientific because the introspective reports couldRead MoreThe Philosophy of Happiness11705 Words   |  47 Pagesanother’s. But he does not really address the problem inherent in the Greatest Happiness Principle, that it leaves room for the misery of an individual to be discounted in order to inc rease the he overall total of happiness in the community. Happiness vs Duty At the opposite extreme from utilitarianism, in modern times, stands the moral theory of Kant. Kant’s starting point is that the only thing that is good without qualification is a good will. Talents, character, and fortune can be used to bad ends

Risk Management Failures of British Petroleum - 2022 Words

BP is a British global energy company which is the third largest energy company and the fourth largest company in the world. As a multinational oil company, BP is the UK s largest corporation, with its headquarters in St James s, City of Westminster, London. BP America s headquarters is in the One Westlake Park in the Energy Corridor area of Houston, Texas; the company is among the largest private sector energy corporations in the world, and one of the six leaders. In order to project social responsibility and improve its image British Petroleum changed its name into BP in year 2000 with a logo of green and yellow sunflower patterns. Paradoxically the same company symbol is now under derision and the object of controversial attacks†¦show more content†¦On 16 October 2007 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation officials reported a toxic spill of methanol (methyl alcohol) at the Prudhoe Bay oil field managed by BP PLC. Nearly 2,000 gallons of mostly methanol, mixed with some crude oil and water, spilled onto a frozen tundra pond as well as a gravel pad from a pipeline. Methanol, which is poisonous to plants and animals, is used to clear ice from the insides of the Arctic-based pipelines. From January 2006 to January 2008, three workers were killed at the company s Texas City, Texas refinery in three separate accidents. In July 2006 a worker was crushed between a pipe stack and mechanical lift, in June 2007, a worker was electrocuted, and in January 2008, a worker was killed by a 500-pound piece of metal that came loose under high pressure and hit him. On April 1 2009, a Bond Offshore Helicopters Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma ferrying workers from BP s platform in the Miller oilfield in the North Sea off Scotland crashed in good weather killing all 16 on board. On April 20, 2010, a semi-submersible exploratory offshore drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico exploded after a blowout and sank two days later, killing eleven people and causing a massive oil spill threatening the coast of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Texas, and Florida. The rig is owned and operated by Transocean Ltd on behalf of BP, which is the majority owner of the oil field. The company originally estimated the size of the leakShow MoreRelatedRisk Management Is Important Within An Organization Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesRisk management is an effort to take the risk associated with a company and finding ways to minimize it from causing significant and unexpected harm on the business. In April 2010, a British Petroleum and Transocean Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded resulting in one of history’s largest spills in the Gulf of Mexico. This spill was so devastating that it took almost four years and billions of dollars to clean up. The environmental damage cannot ev en be fully determined and the economic damage hasRead MoreThe Critical Success Factor Of British Petroleum1562 Words   |  7 Pagesas well as the operational business reputation of a corporation is critical to the survivability of the corporation in today’s business world. Today we will put our focus on one of UK’s largest multinational oils company’s. In the case with British Petroleum (BP) as it actively explores oil in 26 countries around the world, due to BP’s lack of focus on the safety issues presented in the 2004 Telos Group report coupled with the oversight and control to correct safety hazards, the Texas plant experiencedRead MoreIs Hydrogen A Colorless And Odorless Gas?1168 Words   |  5 Pagesitems to name a few. Hydrogen is most commonly found in water on earth. In April of 2010, Tesoro Refining and Marketing Company, a petroleum refinery in Anacortes, Washington had an incident that involving hydrogen (U.S. Chemical Safety and Investigative Board, 2014). During their process, the company runs Catalytic Reformer / Naphtha Hydrotreater units for petroleum refining. Tesoro uses a 6600-E heat exchanger for this process. According to the report from the U.S. Chemical Safety and InvestigativeRead MoreThe Spill Caused By The British Petroleum Oil Spill1121 Words   |  5 Pages On April 20th, 2010 forty miles of the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico, the largest oil spill in the United States occurred. The explosion on the British Petroleum oil rig killed eleven people and injured seventeen others resulting in eleven counts of manslaughter, two misdemeanors, and a felony against the corporate giant. The spill caused 200 million gallons of crude oil to be pumped into the waters, which lasted a total of eighty-seven days. Texas, Louisian a, Alabama, Florida, and MississippiRead MoreThe Anglo Persian Oil Company1555 Words   |  7 PagesWinston Churchill, who had taken a new role in British politics as First Lord of the Admiralty, came to the rescue. Churchill felt that Britain needed a dedicated oil supply. So Churchill looked to the British owned Anglo-Persian Oil Company. Soon after, the UK government became a major shareholder in the company. Eight weeks later the Great War had begun. During the war, the British government seized British Petroleum assets. Despite its name, British Petroleum brand was originally created by a GermanRead MoreBritish Petroleums Report On Their Risk Management Plan1868 Words   |  8 PagesBritish Petroleum will report on their risk management plan and will discuss the top two threats that have occurred, the top opportunity that has been realized, the project risk budget that we have exhausted and the risk management schedule that has been shortened by two months. In general, a ris k is always seen negative, however, by assessing thoroughly and identify risk in the risk register can help identify the opportunities that could impact the project. The risk register will be updated andRead MorePetroleum And Natural Gas Exploration Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pages Executive Summary April 20, 2010 was the beginning of the end for British Petroleum. BP was started in 1901 by William Knox D’Arcy. Their mission is to operate oil and natural gas exploration, while marketing and distributing all over the globe. The primary issues the company faces are rebuilding their business after the tragic oil spill, their low oil prices and internal leadership promotions. Following the 2010 oil spill, all of BP’s top executives were fired, and the company has continuedRead MoreBp Pipeline Case Regarding Ethical Behavior And Decision Makin1709 Words   |  7 PagesBP Pipeline Case regarding Ethical Behaviors and Decision-Makin British Petroleum (BP) has been operating in the United States for decades. They have required most of their refineries through acquisitions in the med the 1900’s, which helped them to become one of the leading oil producers in the world. The acquisition of the Prudhoe Bay, Alaska refineries produces more than five percent of America’s oil. Therefore, it guaranteed BP’s economic goals by continuing producing oil in the United StatesRead MoreStrategic And Value Of Operations Management1599 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Brown, Bessant, and Lamming (2013) indicate that â€Å"Operations management is concerned with those activities that enable an organization to transform a range of basic inputs into outputs for the customer† (p. 4). Operations management is not about limited functions within a company, but rather, it is about expanding its activities in numerous other areas and sectors (e.g. company-wide) in order to meet the needs of the company, customers, shareholders and stakeholders. This case studyRead MoreThe Bp Deepwater Horizon Disaster1006 Words   |  5 PagesDisaster On April 20, 2010, the British Petroleum (BP) leased Deepwater Horizon drilling rig took an unexpected kick of gas pressure from an oil well in the Gulf of Mexico. The release ignited, and through the failure of the blowout preventers progressed into a firestorm. The fire consumed the drilling rig platform, sinking it, causing 11 casualties, and the subsequent release of 4.9 million barrels of oil into in the gulf before the release contained (British Petroleum). The incident is significant

American Red Cross Decision For New Building Free Essays

The American Red Cross is one of the very busy organizations operating both inside the country as well as in international locations. But this does not impede the movement of the internal operation of the organization that ensures that the American Red Cross is always accessible and amenable to new developments that can help it perform better as an international aid and assistance organization. One of the recent internal decisions that the organization made was the transferring of some of its sections to another location from its former business address. We will write a custom essay sample on American Red Cross: Decision For New Building or any similar topic only for you Order Now The transfer will have South Central Division changing its office address, as well as key laboratory facilities and divisions of the American Red Cross including the National Testing Lab or the NTL as well as the Missouri-Illinois Blood Services Region. The previous office address of the three offices is found in 4050 Lindell Boulevard in St. Louis (American Red Cross Blood, 2008). Once the building is completed, they will transfer to a new office found in Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE) campus. The start of the timeline of this project can be attributed to the time when a study conducted six years before the official announcement of the transfer was made, yielding results that include the identification of the need for important facelift in the buildings that houses important sections of the organization, including the blood manufacturing and blood processing section. The next important point in the timeline of this project came two years ago, marking the selection of the current location after a painstaking process of narrowing down prospective location candidates that will house the new building (American Red Cross, 2008). This decision no doubt has financial implications, including the identification of important and key costs that will surface before the project reaches completion. The two relevant costs for this particular decision of the American Red Cross to transfer to another establishment will include the cost of the construction of the building and the cost of the new technology that the American Red Cross will bring inside the building since the creation of the building is also a move to have the organization catch up with the available latest technology for its laboratories. While the American Red Cross has not yet identified the official cost of the project, the public may have an idea already if they will base it from the previous American Red Cross projects that involve the erecting of new buildings or the purchasing of existing establishment for the organization. In 1917, the group started shopping for its first national headquarters office, and the money that was used to pay for it came from the government and from private individuals and institutions. The result was a building budgeted at $854,897. 01. A memorial building for the organization followed in 1930, the cost of which pegged at $780,000. There is also the Fiftieth Anniversary Office Building which officially opened its doors on July 7, 1932 after the building project was completed to the tune of $850,000, again shouldered by the government and private groups. Considering the changes in the value of the US dollar and the current costs of building construction and the amenities of the said building, it is easy to say that the new building will amount to not less than 5 million US dollars at the very least (RedCross. org, 2008). There are also some non-relevant costs in this decision, two of which includes the costs of the operation of the American Red Cross for its outreach programs inside the country and for its international operation, and the costs of the education campaign that the American Red Cross is undertaking all year long. The costs of these two particular aspect of the American Red Cross operation is non-relevant to the recently-made decision because this aspect of the operation of the organization is in no way connected to the move of the American Red Cross, since the move will only involve part of the organization’s laboratory work, including the installation of the equipment necessary for blood testing as well as blood manufacturing. All in all, the probable result(s) of this move will include the improvement of the operation of the group, as well as the shouldering of financial costs of the building if it is burdened to pay such amount in the long term. There are implications rising from this result(s), and it would include operation and financial implications made about by this development. References: American Red Cross (2008). Retrieved May 12, 2008, from http://www. redcross. org/ American Red Cross Blood (2008). American Red Cross Blood Services Relocation Announcement. Retrieved May 12, 2008, from http://americanredcrossblood. org/News/NewsReleases/NewsReleaseViewer/tabid/97/ArticleID/120/CBModuleId/428/Default. aspx Handal, Kathleen A. (1992). The American Red Cross First Aid and Safety Handbook. American Red Cross. Boston: Little Brown. Red Cross. org (2008). Red Cross Square: Headquarters of the American Red Cross. Retrieved May12, 2008, from http://www. redcross. org/museum/history/square. asp How to cite American Red Cross: Decision For New Building, Papers

Business Organization People Collaborates †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Business Organization People Collaborates? Answer: Introduction The business organization is the group of people or an individual collaborates so that they can achieve business goals. To start up a business it is very much important to understand the management procedure and business risk that it contains for the market growth. This paper is the critical issue that is related to management and business for an organization. This paper critically discusses the effects and the impacts that an organization gets from management and business procedure. Paper also shows the business practice for an organization that is hypothetically selected for this paper. The company is a startup company and the paper discusses the performance, effect, and impact of the organization. Main Context Foodmart is the restaurant company in Australia that is going to be a startup in the year 2017. At present it is a small restaurant with only 100 people will be working in it. This restaurant is going to be situated in Sydney to get the attention of the students also. The vision and mission of this company are to provide best quality food to their customers and also be the top most restaurants in the food chain industry (Kew, Stredwick, 2016). The strategy is to provide superior and hygienic food and also maintain the dignity of that place. For this company, the functional structure will be the best because this is a restaurant and every person will have a different function to perform, like there will be a chef, waiter, manager, and attendee and so on. The restaurants need to be well classified according to their functional structure so that everyone performs their job well and from the beginning, only the restaurant is able to grow their profitability ratio (Varsei, 2014). This is the best organization structure for the restaurants business, as everyone will have a different function to perform and for that, they will give better performance in their respective field. To start up a business organization it is very much important to understand the impact or the effect that the business can get from its internal and external environmental forces. For any firm, it becomes hard to control their external forces but the internal forces are easily controlled by the firm and also internal environment has a direct impact on the organization (Bargiela-Chiappini, Nickerson, 2014). The internal forces of an organization are the objectives, mission, and vision and values statement of that organization. The management structure is also an internal force that has an impact on the organization. All these internal forces have the ability to affect the growth of the business but this can be controlled with some changes in a strategic decision. External environmental forces are the influences that business effect indirectly and they cannot be controlled. The external environment like the suppliers, customer, financiers, and marketing intermediaries are all micro en vironment forces and they have a direct bearing on the operation forces of a firm (Yang, 2014). Then for the macro environmental forces, there are economic, social, legal, political, and Technical forces that can have an impact on this restaurant business. This is a restaurant company so external forces that will affect more for this organization is the customers and the suppliers. Macro environmental forces are good for restaurant business in Australia and for that this will not affect the organization but the impact will be from customers and suppliers (Wheelen, Hunger, 2017). Being a restaurant business one has to be very particular with their food items and this is the foremost thing that a customer searches in a restaurant. So to maintain the customers it is very much important for the organization to follow their mission, vision, and objective of the company. Micro environmental forces and internal forces will have a huge impact on a company but this can be controlled with pr oper planning and marketing strategy. In a business organization, there are various types of risk like the reputational risk, financial risk, compliance risk, operational risk, strategic risk and so on. But for the restaurants business the definition of risk slightly change like the risk of restaurant failure, then risk regarding food safety, risk regarding the fire and all the above risk that all the business have to face. As it is the startup business and people do not know this brand so the main and the major risk is the reputational risk. Here business does not have any reputation and for that, the risk is high to make that high level of reputation (Lindberg, 2013). Another risk that this restaurant business may face is the food safety risk. Being the high-class restaurants they will try to provide world class food item but the risk is here that if anything happens to the food get destroyed or the raw material is not safe then it is a huge risk for any restaurant company. For this risk, the license can also get cance led. So it is important to look after the risk that is associated with the restaurant business and try to improve the condition. In future, any risk can occur for this business but the organization has to be always preparing for this type of risk. The business practice is the way to enhance business performance and maintain a market growth. For restaurant business or for any other business this practice is very much important as this help to improve the working condition of the firm. In this restaurant business, the practice can be benchmarking, quality management, time management, waste management, supply chain management and another process of employee management (Galbraith, 2014). The benchmarking is the process to build up a standard for the restaurant and follow that standard so that the restaurant has that capability to achieve organizational goal. Being a restaurant, waste and time management is very much required, as there will be many wasted products and other products and also the time for serving food items will be less so these management procedures are highly required for developing the business (Jaques, 2017). It is important for any business to maintain their performance skill and this helps them to grow in the market. For the start-up company, the practice of management procedure is highly required to get an establishment in the market. This type of practice leads the company to its highest desired goal. This also helps the company to maintain their productivity and provide the best service to their customers (Furr, Dyer, 2014). Customer satisfaction is the main objective of this company and for that any type of practice they will be following to get their customer satisfied from their job. Food quality along with the organizational behavior is the most important thing to attract new customers and to maintain a dignity with the old customers. This organization in their starting period only have the target to achieve a best place for their food quality and for that they did their best organizational practice to improve their business quality. The functions of a restaurants business all are important for the establishment and long term profit of that organization (Blair, Marcum, 2015). But in the restaurant business, one of the important functions is the kitchen area or the function of a chef. They are the one who provides best quality of food to the customers and this one thing is the main for enhancing the performance of restaurant business. Chefs have to be good enough to provide superior quality of food with different menus and stylish look. Other functions of a restaurant are the marketing and sales that actually help to improve the growth of a restaurant. Then there is front office executive along with the back office executive and so on. They all do their descriptive functional work and for that, the performances of this restaurant increase day by day. It is important for the members of these restaurants to understand their job role and perform as per the requirement (Saebi, Foss, 2015). The important function of these restaurants is to provide the best food to their customers and be the top most restaurants in the world. The main function restaurant is to provide all the superior quality of service and products to their consumers that they always prefer this restaurant over the entire restaurant in Australia. It is very much important for the organization to understand their business and develop a strategy as per their business and functioning areas (Akgn, 2014). This will help the organization to grow in the market and also be flexible for the market of Australia. Conclusion The main objective of a restaurant business is to provide excellent food to their customers. The start-up restaurant business is also having this as their vision and mission for future growth. This paper concludes that this organization is using a functional structure for their organization in the startup phase so that everyone has their individual function and they can perform as per their designated functions. This restaurant with their business management functions and their business strategic plan has the ability to capture the market for long term growth. References Akgn, A. E., Ince, H., Imamoglu, S. Z., Keskin, H., Kocoglu, ?. (2014). The mediator role of learning capability and business innovativeness between total quality management and financial performance.International Journal of Production Research,52(3), 888-901. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207543.2013.843796 Bargiela-Chiappini, F., Nickerson, C. R. (2014).Writing Business: Genres, Media, and discourses. Routledge. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=2P3JAwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=2.%09Bargiela-Chiappini,+F.,+%26+Nickerson,+C.+R.+(2014).+Writing+business:+Genres,+media+and+discourses.+Routledgeots=mS1vliUFT_sig=Yryuz4fh_3k1ke17lImZpUtb5WY Blair, E. S., Marcum, T. M. (2015). Heed Our Advice: Exploring How Professionals Guide Small Business Owners in Start?Up Entity Choice.Journal of Small Business Management,53(1), 249-265. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsbm.12073/full Furr, N. R., Dyer, J. (2014).The Innovator's Method: Bringing the Lean Startup Into Your Organization. Harvard Business Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=BQEQBAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR4dq=6.%09Furr,+N.+R.,+%26+Dyer,+J.+(2014).+The+Innovator%27s+Method:+Bringing+the+Lean+Startup+Into+Your+Organization.+Harvard+Business+Press.+ots=eICtxCT5R-sig=kwCVAyWd6Hut407g60_jTrT1_6g Galbraith, J. R. (2014).Designing organizations: Strategy, structure, and process at the business unit and enterprise levels. John Wiley Sons. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=O4aTAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT6dq=5.%09Galbraith,+J.+R.+(2014).+Designing+organizations:+Strategy,+structure,+and+process+at+the+business+unit+and+enterprise+levels.+John+Wiley+%26+Sons.ots=xPkeVvPUZCsig=glMyQQryYHpZqlOmWOLubCFHy1I Jaques, E. (2017).Requisite organization: A total system for effective managerial organization and managerial leadership for the 21st century. Routledge. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=hD8rDwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=important+functions+within+your+business+organisation+ots=TlF4mYygVZsig=2fMkwmCk30PGSfVyVjsoBYgTI2w#v=onepageq=important%20functions%20within%20your%20business%20organisationf=false Kew, J., Stredwick, J. (2016).Human resource management in a business context. Kogan Page Publishers. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=2ezcDgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=1.%09Kew,+J.,+%26+Stredwick,+J.+(2016).+Human+resource+management+in+a+business+context.+Kogan+Page+Publishersots=AA61OohMsSsig=LS9MFmzG8MxnEUEO6ysj3AvJKzo Lindberg, P., Voss, C. A., Blackmon, K. L. (Eds.). (2013).International manufacturing strategies: context, content, and change. Springer Science Business Media. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=UcfSBwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP8dq=4.%09Lindberg,+P.,+Voss,+C.+A.,+%26+Blackmon,+K.+L.+(Eds.).+(2013).+International+manufacturing+strategies:+context,+content+and+change.+Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media.+ots=tB8o6LD3Gdsig=dTYGgQ-GDYayjYrZHCNK8SIGRoI Saebi, T., Foss, N. J. (2015). Business models for open innovation: Matching heterogeneous open innovation strategies with business model dimensions.European Management Journal,33(3), 201-213. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263237314001248 Varsei, M., Soosay, C., Fahimnia, B., Sarkis, J. (2014). Framing sustainability performance of supply chains with multidimensional indicators.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(3), 242-257. Retrieved from https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/SCM-12-2013-0436 Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D. (2017).Strategic management and business policy. Pearson. Retrieved from https://fratstock.eu/sample/Solutions-Manual-Strategic-Management-Business-Policy-Globalization-Innovation-Sustainability-14th-Edition-Wheelen.pdf Yang, L. R., Huang, C. F., Hsu, T. J. (2014). Knowledge leadership to improve project and organizational performance.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), 40-53. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786313000148

Diary Of Anne Frank Essays (785 words) - Anne Frank,

Diary Of Anne Frank Journeying back to the early nineteenth century, when Nazi forces occupied Germany during World War II, the lives of those living in this territory was spent in constant fear and anxiety. The Diary of Anne Frank leads readers through the harsh times of a family trying to escape imprisonment in concentration camps by Nazi soldiers, where death was almost certain. Born on June 12, 1929, Anne Frank was a German-Jewish teenager who was forced to go into hiding during the Holocaust. She and her family, along with four others, spent 25 months during World War II in an annex of rooms above her father's office in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. During the two years in hiding which Anne refers to as "a time when the ideals are being shattered and destroyed, when the worst side of human nature predominates, when every one has come to doubt truth, justice and God (pg.327)." Anne kept a diary that was given to her by her father, Otto Frank, on her birthday. Between June 1942 and August 1944, from Anne's thirteenth birthday until shortly after her fifteenth birthday, Anne recorded her feelings, her emotions, and her thoughts, as well as the events that happened to her. "...[I]deas, dreams, and cherished hopes rise within us only to meet the horrible truth and be shattered...yet in spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart (pg. 327)." The diary is an accurate record of the way Anne grows up and matures, in the unfortunate situation she found herself. Given the circumstances in which the novel is written Anne gave a very vivid description of her surroundings and the feelings she encountered throughout her ordeal. The novel displays the grief and frustration that is experienced throughout the time spent in hiding. The emotions of the situation are captured in the text and gives validity to the pain and frustration encountered. Despite the amusing and enlightening side of the diary, that documents the process of her adolescence, it also provides a vividly terrifying description of what it was like to be Jewish hiding during the time the Nazis sought to kill all the Jews in Europe. After two years of living in the "secret annex", behind a bookcase, and having to be extremely quite during the day so that the workers in the office and warehouse below could not hear them the family was captured. The betrayal of Anne and her family to the Nazis and their placement under arrest lead to their deportation to concentration camps. In an entry on August 1, 1944, Anne confides to her diary an analysis of her situation. She concludes that her behavior has been a front during her years in hiding to help her cope with the people surrounding her. Nine months after her arrest, Anne wrote that "...if only there were no other people in the world (pg.331)." The writings give Anne's thought wishful pretense that if no one else were in the world, that the pain and suffering would end. Anne gives readers a sense of truth and honesty about her situation that allows the reader to experience her life as a stubborn, touchingly vulnerable teenager who one minute is in love with the world and the next detached. This book is an extraordinary piece of work written by a young woman finding her way in captivity. Anne was an immensely gifted writer and a person of great sensitivity. She shows her depth through emotions as well as by absolving the feeling of others and communicating them through writing. Anne's true personality is brought to life on every page and allows the reader to feel as though they actually know her. Whether enthralled in the heights of ecstasy over her budding fascination with Peter Van Dann, another teen hiding in the "annex", or drowning in the depths of despair over her life in hiding, Anne would always confide her private thoughts and interest in her diary. Anne's vivid writing allows the reader to experience second hand what it was like to be a teenage Jewish girl confined to an inside world with little resources except necessities to survive. The detail in which her story is told gives light to the talents and emotions a young mind experienced as she deals with traumatic situations. For its insights into the life of a German-Jewish child living in Germany during Nazi occupation, The Diary of Anne Franks, offers a vivid, realistic view of how a family tries to escape Nazi concentration camps. Anne's ability

The Bookstore v. Amazon

The Bookstore v. Amazon There are readers who like bookstores and readers who prefer Amazon. Pitting them against each other is like telling people they ought to like Coca Cola over Pepsi. They have their reasons, and you wont change them. Most of the time. â€Å"If the bookshops are good enough, if the relationship with your customers is truly there, if your booksellers are enjoying themselves and you’ve trained them and you’ve respected them and you’ve allowed them to develop their skills†¦ then our customers truly will remain loyal to us.† ~James Daunt, managing director of Waterstones, at the 2017 Australian Booksellers Association’s annual conference in Melbourne But sometimes bookstore employees forget. Sometimes they let their personal feelings float to the surface, and therein lies a key reason people go to Amazon versus a bookstore . . . to purchase a book of choice in a nonjudgmental atmosphere. They want to  feel the store is benign, much like a doctor who treats anyone, regardless of who they are or what disease they have. Take away that safe feeling , and both a bookstore and a doctor loses credibility . . . and business. I love the blog, The Passive Voice. Recently, PG (the blogger) wrote about a bookstore worker who struggled with store visitors when they asked about or purchased books that the worker did not believe in. PG mentioned in the end that readers prefer a judgment-free zone like Amazon over a meatspace retail with a side of attitude.  thepassivevoice.com/2017/07/a-booksellers-elegy/ I would like to take bookstore consideration one step further. How does a bookstore treat an author? Whether a fledgling indie author or a New York Times best selling author ten times over, the human is still there. And any writer is a rabid reader, with word-of-mouth power. And a small-time local author will tout that small-town indie bookstore much louder than that big-town author who flew in and out. Without a doubt, bookstores prefer best-selling authors for sales. But there are ways of delivering the message when a bookstore can only purchase so many books or house so many signings, and a smart bookstore owner would benefit A lot of this attitude concerning bookstores explains a lot. At a bookstore, we find atmosphere and personality . . . but is it the personality you want? At Amazon, we find the widest selection of books and a market that doesnt judge. Bookstore ownerlove  everyone who comes in the door and respect  their choices. Let them know they are cherished individuals, and youll do anything to make them happy. Theyll love you back, I promise.

Setting Climate and Culture - The Manager's Responsibility Essay

Setting Climate and Culture - The Manager's Responsibility - Essay Example I believe, establishing and maintaining open communications in an organization is one of the most prime methods of making your employee role playing towards the company's goals and objectives. It makes and feels your company's employees more valuable. Moreover, open communication also results in high productivity with cost effectiveness. It has been observed that conflict between workers and management occurs when communication fails. To create an open communication environment, manager should make a clear distinction among workers to communicate about work issues and listen carefully to supervisor instructions and answer him/her as asked. "A supportive communication climate encourages open, constructive, honest and effective interaction. A defensive climate, on the other hand, leads to competitive and destructive conflict. The competent communicator strives to maintain a supportive communication climate". (http://planet.tvi.edu/idc/Documents/ClassroomClimateweb.htm) I prefer the supportive communication instead of defensive because as far as problem orientation is concerned, the supportive communication provides invitation to the group of workers to open their views by working together to reach a solution of a problem. The supportive communication is responsive to all employees; it coveys a message that is understandable and generates interest problem solving steps. The supportive behavior creates equality among all employees and consequently, the supportive communication in an organization creates message that indicates equal worth of all subjugated employees. On the other hand, the defensive communication lack essence of problems and thus, it creates communication gap in many ways. "Organizational values are moral boundaries - the lines the organization will not cross. They are the ethical standards by which organizations measure themselves, and by which they invite the Community to measure them. The working credo you will create from these values will be a commitment to the community to do your work in a way they would be proud of". (http://www.help4nonprofits.com/ValuesExercise.pdf) One can determine the organizational values of employees by cononsidering the following points, and if necessary do communicate with the employees: (1) What working standards are adopting by the employees and to what extent they are good in decision making process and in what order they are taking decisions (2) What behavior they want to reward either they want supportive behavior or defensive behavior However, on the side of an employer, it is a very important factor considering the organizational values of the employees to make sure that whether the employees are getting competitive fringe benefits or not along with good salaries and sound working conditions. It is a significant part of a manger's duty that he/she should evaluate and understand how ethics can make employees performance better. As far as demographic make up of an organization is concerned, it includes gender, race, level, grade and so on. In my organization, there are different (ethnicities) people are working; Black, white, Hispanic and some employees belong to other countries - they are not

Macroeconomics written paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macroeconomics written paper - Assignment Example Hence, indifference analysis takes into consideration the concept of indifference curves and budget line constraints (Dwivedi, 2010). In the situation above, Commuters consider that Bus journeys are an inferior good while Car journeys are a normal good. The two modes of transport employ economic aspects of transportation to differentiate the two aspects of travelling, which is car travel and Bus travel. Both modes of transportation have their own advantages and disadvantages. Bus travelling is cheaper and perhaps safer compared to car journeys whereas, car journeys are considered much faster, comfortable and convenient when compared top bus travels. Income is a budgetary constraint and a rise in income will affect consumer behavior according to consumer theory. The income effect as proposed by the consumer theory indicates that a rise in income makes a consumer to have more purchasing power of a product. Increasing income leads to a shift of the budget constraint line out parallel. The relative pricing of the two goods or services, which are, car and bus travel do not change meaning that the gradient of the budget line remains the same. The income has increased and this means that there is more resources to purchase the same products in more quantities. The new combinations of products that maximize utility can be identified; from this, the impact of income changes on the demand for a product can be analyzed (Friedman, 2007). In summary, economists decompose this effect of change in price on the quantity of the demand into an income and a substitution effect. The income effect theory proposes that due to increase in real income, which is closely related to a fall in prices or the real income associated with a rise in prices. On the other hand, the substitution effect proposes that due to change in the relative price of the product, cheaper products are substituted for more expensive goods. Two major economists have proposed the effect of price

Research Methods in Business and Economics Essay

Research Methods in Business and Economics - Essay Example The article is written with a scholarly fervour and is not intended for the general audience. There is an erudite tone kept throughout the article, and it is assumed that the readers are professional and well read. The structure of the paper is also professional with introduction given first and then comprehensive literature follows. The study gives a sufficient introduction and literature review. The article has given considerable illustrations of the theoretical concepts mentioned in the research. Resource based view is discussed and through empirical studies and findings it is explain in terms of competition, performance and capability. Client-specific and non client-specific value addition is also differentiated and competition is discussed in the case of high client-specific value addition. The author has sometimes, in the article, gone with the flow and has jumped quickly from one concept to another. It is understandable that the nature of research is such to discuss and link many concepts but at times in the paper considerable time is not given to a concept. For example firm performance and capability is not discussed greatly in the paper. This may be because the researcher believes that the audience is well versed with the concept beforehand. The paper is indeed written for professional people but still some clear distinction and explanation of the concepts would have increased the reach of the study. Presentation of Findings The author has presented the findings of the study in a professional manner with tables and statistical information given to the readers. A longitudinal study is usually difficult to conduct as it requires use of complex statistical instruments, but the author seems to have worked well in this regard. The statistical information is also given in proper tables so that it is easy to read. The best thing about the research is that the hypotheses are presented very clearly. The study is no doubt a complicated study with focus on diverse concepts and their impact on each other. It was therefore important to present the methodology and hypotheses in a clear manner and this is done in the study rather effectively. The

Using An Electric Motor Fan Engineering Essay

Using An Electric Motor Fan Engineering Essay The resistance value for experiment 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 calculated and was 93.23 , 101.01 and 100.90 respectively. The effect of voltage increase on temperature was recoded and how power is lost as heart was understood. How electrical current generate magnetic field was observed by using compasses and explained. An experiment was also carried out and explained in to how electromagnetic field is used to control electrical circuits involving more than one circuit in a relay. The change of electrical energy to mechanical was also investigated by using an electric motor-fan. Background Despite the famous experiment Benjamin Franklin, he did not invented electricity. Electricity exists naturally. It has always been around. A good example of electric flow that occurs naturally is lightening. Lightening is a flow of electrons between the ground and clouds. When clouds rub against each other or other objects they become charged. When the potential difference between the clouds and ground reaches a certain level a flow of electrons balances the charge, this exhibits a flash of light or lightening1. Electrical systems and components can be classified into several capabilities and used for many different applications. Electrical components and systems can be used to heat, power, sense, drive, detect, indicate, to transmit and receive data2. Electrical equipment such as light bulbs, batteries and electric generators are not needed for electric city to exist, although designed to use and harness electric city. If potential difference or voltage is maintained across a conductor an electric flow occurs, Figure1. The currents magnitude depends on the voltage. The Ohms law states that the current through a conductor between the two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. Therefore if the potential difference applied across a conductor is changed the current will also change. If a device follows the Ohms law the graph voltage vs current should have a straight line3. By rearranging the equation 1, voltage can be calculated; in addition the resistance of material can simply calculated by dividing the voltage to the current see equation 1. V R=V/I Figure1. An electric potential across a conductor3 Equation 13 The two types of circuits are series and parallel. Total resistance in series circuit can be determined by adding the individual resistors resistance. To find the resistance of two or more resistors connected in parallel, the sum of the inverse individual resistance is used2, Equation2. Equation 24 In electrical circuit some power is lost as heat. Resistance and heat loss is directly proportional for a given volts. Therefore if the volt is increased the resistance will increase, this will then result in a great deal of heat being lost3. When there is a need to control more than one circuit, a relay is used. Relay is a switch operated by electric. The mechanical movement of a relay is often controlled by magnetic force. The flow of current through the relay coil generates a magnetic field and changes the switch by attracting a lever. Relay aid one circuit to switch to another circuit and operate completely separate from the initial circuit5. Relay coil NO COM NC Figure 2. Relay contact5 Key COM  = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch. NC  = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is  off NO  = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is  on If an electrical current flows through a wire, a magnetic field is created due to the moving charges. Figure 3 demonstrates the magnetic fields in a straight conductor. The magnetic field for a straight conductor circles around the conductor. As illustrated from figure 4, a wire is coiled up to make a solenoid. The flow of the current determines the magnetic field direction. Each loop experiences its own magnetic field and the total magnetic field is the sum of individual loop. In addition the magnitude of the total magnetic field of a solenoid is directly proportional to the number of coils a coiled wire has7. Magnetic Field Around a Wire VRML Model Figure 3. Magnetic fields in Straight conductor7 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid VRML Model Figure 4. Magnetic fields in solenoid7 Electric motor is one of the very useful appliances use electric power to turn in to mechanical energy. To understand how an electric motor work simply imagine a nail wrapped with a wire and connected to a battery Figure 5. If the battery is connected to the wire, the nail would eventually become a magnet and have a south and North Pole. If the nail is suspended in the middle of a horseshoe magnet as in figure 5, the north end of the nail would be repelled away from the horseshoes north end and attract to the south end of the horseshoe. By doing this the nail would half turn and stop at the original place. To maintain a full turn the electromagnetic field of the nail should be flipped at a very precise moment. This is done simply by changing the direction of the electrons flow6. http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/motor-nail-in-horseshoe.gif Figure 5. Electro magnet in a horseshoe magnet6 Experimental Experiment 1.1: Electrical circuit As illustrated in figure 6, a series circuit was set up and one resistor was used across the circuit. Multi-meters were used to record the voltage across the resistor and current. Five different voltages in the range of 2 to 12 volts were applied and the current was recorded for each for each volts. Power R1 V A Figure 6. Series one resistor circuit2 Experiment 1.2 Similar procedure was used to record the voltage and current for the second experiment, this time though two resistors were used. V Power R1 R2 A Figure 7. Series two resistor circuit2 Experiment 1.3 In the third experiment two resistors was set up in a parallel circuit. Similar method to experiment one and two was used to record the voltage and current. Power A R1 R2 V Figure 8. Two resistors in parallel2 Experiment 2: Temperature vs. voltage In the fourth experiment investigates the relationship between voltage and temperature across a resistor. Similar circuit to experiment was, but this time one of the multi-meter was used set to record temperature. A thermocouple as shown in figure 9 was used to detect the temperature change and this was fed to the multi-meter8. http://images.picotech.com/se001-thermocouple.jpg Figure 9. Thermocouple8 Experiment 3: Relay Figure 10 shows the mechanism of the relay. A switch was used to control the relay by switching between the two circuits. Figure 10. Diagram for connection of experiment with relay and LEDs2 Experiment 4: Electric motor Fan An electric motor was used and given a power of 12 volt. Electric current was controlled by a switch and the fan rotated as due to the magnetic field generated by the electric. Experiment 5: Magnetism In these experiment two methods was used to test electro magnetism of electric of the flow of current. A wire used to flow electricity and magnetic compass was placed around the wire. In the second method a coiled wire was used and compasses was placed in the inside and outside of the coiled. Results Table 1. Experiment one and two Single resistor circuit Two resistor in series Two resistors in parallel V Amps Temperature C0 V Amps V Amps 2 0.0198 24 2 0.0099 2 0.0396 4 0.0390 25 4 0.0198 4 0.0793 6 0.0990 26 6 0.0297 6 0.1189 8 0.0792 28 8 0.0396 8 0.1587 10 0.0990 30 10 0.0495 10 0.1981 Note: The value of current highlighted for single resistor at 6 volts is an anomaly. Figure 11. Current vs Voltage Table 2. Resistance calculation Total resistance/ÃŽ © Power in v Series circuit Parallel Circuit with 2 resistors 1 resistors 2 Resistors 2 101.01 202.02 50.50 4 102.56 202.02 50.44 6 60.60 202.02 50.46 8 101.01 202.02 50.40 10 101.01 202.02 50.47 Average 93.23 202.02 50.45 Below is resistance calculation narrated; One resister series circuit = Two resisters Series circuit = Two resistors Parallel Circuit Using equation 2, R = (Assuming R1 = R2) 50.45 = R1 R1 +R2 = 100.90 ÃŽ © Experiment 2: Temperature vs. voltage The graph shows a positive correlation between voltage and temperature increase. Figure 12. Voltage vs Temperature Experiment 3: Relay When the switch was turned on LED one turned on and when the switch turned of LED one light gone out and LED two turned on. Experiment 4: Electric motor Fan The electric motor-fun started to spin only when the electric current started to flow. This was controlled by a switch for convenience. Experiment 5: Magnetism The results of electro magnetism were observed in experiment 5. When a single wire was used the compass needles aligned themselves towards the direction of the current flow. In the coiled wire when the compass was placed inside the coiled wire the compass pointed towards the direction of the electric flow. When the compasses was placed outside the solenoid the compasses experiences a great deal of deflection in comparison with the single wired cable. Discussion Experiment 1.1 1.3 circuit Figure 11 demonstrates an increase in voltage resulted on an increase in current. For the circuits with two resistors in parallel and series the graph was showing a positive correlation between the voltage increase and current increase. For the series circuit with one resister there was an anomaly when the voltage was set to 6 volts. The increase in current at 6 volts was too high, and this resulted on the graph being nonlinear. To make assumptions that the circuit obeys Ohmic law the graph should be linear. Possible source of errors; Human error (error when recording figures) Faulty multi-meter being used Faulty resistors or Faulty power supply reading Experiment 2: Temperature vs voltage As illustrated in figure 12, as the voltage increase the temperature across the resistor also increased. The temperature was directly proportional to the voltage increase. Temperature increase was steady for every additional volts applied for up to 6 volts. Temperature increase was doubled then doubled when 8 volts was applied. Some of the factors that can affect the amount of heat loss in a circuit are; Type of material used for wiring or resistor (some material are good conductors and some are very good insulator) Wire diameter (the smaller the diameter the harder for the electrons to move through) Length of wiring Temperature of the material/conductor (lower temperature result in lower resistance and indeed lower heat loss)3 The sharp increase in temperature was due to possible errors; Faulty thermocouple Leaving a particular voltage slightly longer than the another Breathing near the thermocouple (increase in the overall temperature) Experiment 3 Relay Figure 10 demonstrates the relay experiment. Since the relay mechanism was very small to be observed by the naked eyes LED was used to indicate if the electrical flow was switching in between the two circuits every time the switch was hit. TQ team7 States that the total magnetic field in a loop is the sum of its individual loop. Since moving charged particles generate electromagnetic field many charged particles generate a higher magnetic field. Therefore higher resistance in the wire coiling of a relay could cause the relay not being able to attracting a lever. Higher resistance in relays could be caused by rusting or using materials with low conductivity. Experiment 4 Electric motor-fan The power used in the Electric motor-fan was DC current. The current in DC always goes through one direction. The electric-fan began rotating when the current starts to flow. The current flow was switched over, as the polarity of the volt switched over, it was expected the motor start running the opposite direction instead the motor was stopped. The fan was possibly fitted with a device that only allows a one direction flow of current9. A diode was one of the possibilities that the electric motor-fan was fitted by. A diode is a two terminal device, with features of some systematic transfer of electric city character. A diode have a zero resistance to electric flow in one direction and high resistance (100%) resistance in the other direction, therefore electrical current flow only in one direction. Experiment 5 Magnetism As demonstrated from figure 3 and 4 electric current produces magnetic field. The compass used for the single wire deflected and seen aligning itself with the direction of the electric current. By observing the deflection of the compass needle, the North and South Pole of the magnetic field was deducted10. Conclusion The goal of the experiment was to understand the role of electricity in modern technology. Resistance in series and parallel circuits were tried, electromagnetism and its applications explained. The experiments deduction narrated below; With the exception of one anomaly result the circuits in experiment one obeys Ohmic law, therefore a linear graphs. In series circuit the resistance value doubled when another resistor was added. As it can be observed from table 2 resistance values for the parallel with two resistors was almost half the value for the series circuit with one resistor. Parallel circuit resistance was very small when compared with the resistance value in the series circuit with the same number of resistors. The value for the resistors calculated as 93.23 , 101.01 and 100.90 respectively. In experiment two, power dissipation promotes temperature increase . Relay experiment demonstrates the control of more than one circuit by using magnetic field of electric current. Charged moving particles produce a magnetic field Electric motor-fan converts electrical power in to mechanical by the help on a magnet inside the motor. Compasses used to observe the direction of an electric current. The grater the loop the grater the deflection the compass experience. Figure 3 and 4 demonstrates the magnetic field in a single wire and solenoid.

White Resistance to Somewhere in the Darkness Essay -- Somewhere in th

White Resistance to Somewhere in the Darkness  Ã‚  Ã‚   I feel compelled to revisit the one novel we have read that created the most resistance in me and would quite possibly do so in a significant population of white readers: Walter Dean Myers' Somewhere in the Darkness.   That the book is well written or valuable to readers is irrelevant here -- I enthusiastically grant both.   Of greater concern in this discussion is the notion of resistance to the book that could easily be encountered with a particular population of suburban, white readers, namely those who would seem to have the most in common with Jimmy and who, paradoxically, would most likely resist the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The readers who comprise this group have much in common with Jimmy. They are largely lower-middle class and come from either fatherless homes, what might easily be considered dysfunctional two-parent homes, and/or live with extended families in lieu of their natural parents.   In any case, the parent(s) are possibly absent from the home a great deal of the time, involved in a variety of dating practices and sexual promiscuity, caught up in illegal activity and often incarcerated or have been, oppressed by substance abuse of some type, and/or often living in an environment of either subtle or overt racism.   I have made no effort to quantitatively justify the particulars of this description though such a study would undoubtedly prove enlightening.   Rather, I assert this general description based on 12 years of experience of living in a white, lower middle-class suburb. In some ways, we could easily view these readers as insiders in t hat they share with Jimmy some elements of a common familial experience, but it is the cultural differences between white and ... ...ility: there is no hope for me or my kind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A white reader's resistance to Walter Dean Myers' novel, Somewhere in the Darkness, is inevitable, particularly when that white reader has more in common with the protagonist than not.   It seems the closer in circumstance the white reader is to Jimmy, the more he/she might resist to his cultural differences because those underlying cultural differences cause Jimmy to act in ways that seem unlikely to a white reader.   The key is to be aware of those differences and be willing to see what Jimmy sees -- from his point of view.   If we are willing to do that, then Myers' work is a wonderful and effective way to learn not only about Jimmy and his culture but also about ourselves and the hopes we have for our lives. Works Cited: Myers, W. D. Somewhere in the darkness. New York: Scholastic Book Services.1992.

The Armistice of 1850

The Armistice of 1850 With the belief of their young country’s â€Å"manifest destiny†, and victory over Mexico in the Mexican-American War, the United States of America conquered most of the western portion of their continent. While obtaining large territories of land through victories from warfare and at the cost of bargained prices, this proud nation found itself with an immense crisis sitting within the palms of their hands. As the improvement of the United States came through territorial gains, their triumphant progress was met with digression.Although new territories were under the possession of the United States, many leaders of this powerful nation were unsure whether their newly acquired land was fit to be a territory of free soil or slavery. While many proposed arguments for pro-slavery land, many counter acted with free soil proposals and arguments. During the year of 1850, the United States of America managed to ease the tension between those at opposite spe ctrums of this confrontation through the Compromise of 1850.Before the passage of the Compromise of 1850, many of the United States’ leaders found themselves at odds with one another. John C. Calhoun, a publically known pro-slavery Congressman, believed that slavery should not have been excluded from territories prior to admission to state hood. Calhoun thought that Congress did not have the power to regulate slavery in the nation’s newly acquired territories.In Calhoun’s Speech on the Admission of California- and the General State of the Union, he assesses the nature of the Union and the needs for its overall preservation. In the beginning of Calhoun’s speech, he clearly believed that the state of the Union was at harm due to its division, and was at the verge of great disaster and disunion. Although Calhoun did not provide a solution for the unity of the country, he did on the other hand argue that the power of the Union rested upon the Northern majorit y. At that time there was nearly a perfect equilibrium between the two, which afforded ample means to each to protect itself against the aggression of the other; but, as it now stands, one section has the exclusive power of controlling the Government, which leaves the other without any adequate means of protecting itself against its encroachment and oppression,† wrote Calhoun. Calhoun justified his opinion on the North oppressing the South through the South’s deprivation of territory in the Northwest Ordinance, the Missouri Compromise, and the Oregon Territory.Calhoun, like the other representatives of the southern states, realized that the institution of slavery would either have to be fought for or the Union would eventually abolish it. â€Å"It will be found in the belief of the people of the Southern States, as prevalent as the discontent itself, that they cannot remain, as things now are, consistently with honor and safety, in the Union,† stated the Congress man. Calhoun believed that the South had no compromise to offer to the North, but only that of the Constitution.The Congressman placed the burden and the responsibility of the preservation of the nation within the Northerners hands. Opposed to Calhoun’s view, Congressman David Wilmot believed that the institution of slavery should have been banned from all the newly acquired territory of the west. He was adamant that Congress possessed the power to regulate slavery in these new territories. David Wilmot’s Wilmot Proviso urged the banning of slavery within any territory acquired from  Mexico from the  Mexican American War  or any territory acquired in the future. Provided,  That, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted,† wrote Wilmot. Although the Wilmot Proviso was an unsuccessful amendment, Wilmot’s view of free soil became a rallying point for opponents of slavery.Wilmot was adamant that all land gained within the United States of America should be free of slavery. While Calhoun and Wilmot demonstrated the extreme views of the pro-slavery South and the free soil North, the Compromise of 1850 managed to settle the sectional divided views of Congress for the short term. The  Compromise of 1850  was an amalgamation of eight distinct orders which managed to ease the confrontation between the  free states of the North and the slave states  of the  South  in regards to the newly acquired territories from the Mexican-American War.The compromise was drafted by  Kentucky Congressman,  Henry Clay, in which avoided  Southern secession, reduced sectional conflict, and prevented civil war. The Compromise of 1850 allowed for California to be admitted as one of the States of the Union, as long as it was a free state. It also banned slavery in Washington D. C. â€Å"Resolved, That it is inexpedient to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. † This compromise also made Texas surrender its border to the Rio del Norte to New Mexico, and allowed Texas to transfer its debt to that the national government.The Compromise of1850 also prohibited Congress from introducing or excluding slavery from the nation’s newly acquired territory, and ordered that the territorial governments were to decide upon the issue of slavery. In other words, the new territories’ actions on the institution of slavery came from popular sovereignty. Although slave trade was prohibited from Washington D. C. , the compromise managed to preserve slavery, while demanding â€Å"for the restitution and delivery of persons bound to service or labor i n any State, who may escape into any other State or Territory in the Union†.Northerners became infuriated of the idea that runaway slaves, upon capture, were to be returned to their masters of the South. This precedent became known as The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. This act became the sole prize of the South for their compromise in allowing the admission of California to be a free state. Not only did the South manage to keep their traditional ways of enslaving Africans, or African Americans, but they also managed to gain more power over their slaves.While many viewed the Compromise of 1850 with pleasure, William Seward opposed Clay’s compromise which managed to cause momentary peace within the Union. Seward found discontent with the compromise because it was founded on many unconstitutional grounds. Seward believed that the states were unequal due to slavery, and that slavery should not exist. He thought that slavery was unconstitutional whether classified as property or not, because â€Å"it is (was) repugnant to the law of nature and of nations†. In no way did Seward find the compromise constitutional because he felt slavery was unconstitutional.On the flip side, Henry Clay believed that the Compromise of 1850 was a chance for his nation to become reunited. He demonstrated this by addressing the president in A General Review of the debate on the Compromise Bills by stating, â€Å"I believe from the bottom of my soul, that the measure is the re-union of this Union. I believe that it is the dove of peace, which, taking its aerial flight from the dome of the capitol, carries the glad tidings of assured peace and restored harmony to all the remotest extremities of this distracted land. It’s clear that Clay believed the compromise was drawn out for the betterment of his young nation, in hopes that it would reconcile their sectional differences, and become one whole nation again. In 1850, many believed that the Compromise of 1850 had s olved the sectional conflicts between the Northern free-soilers and the Southern slave holders. Although there were those who opposed the compromise, for the time being it managed to ease the tension between a divided nation.Although the Compromise of 1850 was an act in which all parties had to give up important ground, it allowed the nation to momentarily fade into bliss for a couple of years. It’s hard to believe that the expansionists of our country would have predicted these problems while trying to improve our country. Our nation’s â€Å"manifest destiny† at the time seemed to be the answer to improve upon a young nation, but the newly acquired territories from Mexico only stirred up intense emotions and caused for greater division within the nation. Although the Compromise of 1850 managed to ease tension, it ultimately did not cease sectional conflict.

Critique of The signalman by C. Dickens and Harry by R. Timperley †English Essay

Critique of The signalman by C. Dickens and Harry by R. Timperley – English Essay Free Online Research Papers Critique of The signalman by C. Dickens and ‘Harry’ by R. Timperley English Essay After reading ‘The signalman’ by C. Dickens and ‘Harry’ by R. Timperley I believe ‘Harry’ is a better ghost/horror story as it evokes more human fear by Timperley using elements of safeness and security as chilling clues as to who Harry really is. ‘The signalman’ is about a man working in a pre twentieth century train station. It starts with a combination of posing a puzzle and plunging into the action as it begins with speech from an unknown character. The story progresses to reveal the train worker has been visited by a ghost who brings premonitions of death. In the complication, when their life’s become involved with each others, the train worker speaks of the sightings to the traveller who then says he will come back to visit him the next day, when he does the train worker is dead and when his colleague describes how he attempted to warn him it is the same actions as the spectre had been making. In ‘Harry’ Christine James, adopted daughter of Mrs James, starts talking to a mystery shadow in her garden as Mrs James’ concern grows she seeks help from many different sources but each time is met by a rational voice or at times anger from her husband. Eventually she asks for information from the adoption agency that tells her Christine came from a family where her brother was named Harold. She then speaks with an elderly woman who claims to have known Harold; she says he will not rest until he has Christine with him. When Mrs James realises she is late to pick up Christine from her first day at school she arrives to find Harry has already been to the school and taken Christine. In both stories there were many examples of descriptive writing and literary devices to evoke an appropriate atmosphere for the story. In ‘The signalman’ the writer portrays the sun as an enemy by writing; ‘ So steeped in the glow of an angry sunset.’ The use of the word ‘angry’ suggests the sun is against the travelling man and does not want him to go any further. This quote also creates images of danger. The device Charles Dickens has used her is personification as I believe he wanted to capture the thought that the weather is acting as an almost human enemy. Also in ‘The signalman’ he describes body language in detail: ‘He had his left hand at his chin, and that left elbow rested on his right hand crossed over his breast.’ This passage emphasises the train workers reluctance to speak with the traveller and creates a clear picture of the man’s hostility towards people that may want to approach him. It also makes the man seem quite unfriendly and suspicious. Charles Dickens uses alliteration to vividly describe an oncoming train. Dickens does this to emphasise the inhospitable atmosphere, he writes; ‘ Just then, there came a vague vibration in the earth and air, quickly changing into a violent pulsation,’ This is alliteration of the ‘v’ sound that allows you to almost hear the train emphasising the hollow atmosphere. This quote also incorporates senses as you can hear the sound the train is making and therefore can to some extent relate to what the traveller must be thinking about the surrounding environment. Dickens further evokes a dangerous, unpleasant and damp atmosphere by using specific individual words, he writes; ‘ The cutting was extremely deep, and un- usually precipitate. It was made through a clammy stone that became oozier and wetter as I went down.’ The word ‘oozier’ allows you to imagine the true extent of the dangerous wet conditions the traveller faces. The word oozier is also onomatopoeia that means the senses are involved when reading this passage as you can almost hear and feel the clammy stone squelching on his way down. The fact that the description of the journey to the signalman is relatively long means it gives the traveller enough time to question the signalman’s behaviour. This passage is an example of good descriptive writing as it incorporates all senses to evoke an inhospitable and dangerous environment. Charles Dickens also employs personification and alliteration to describe the shock the traveller feels when the signalman tells him of a recent death he has witnessed, he writes; ‘I could think of nothing to say, to any purpose, and my mouth was very dry. The wind and the wire took up the story with A long lamenting wail.’ The alliteration of ‘w’ and ‘l’ emphasises the empty hollow sound of the whistling wind. This clearly portrays the horror the traveller feels at the death. Dickens describing the traveller’s mouth as ‘dry’ reinforces the fear he feels at that point and allows the reader to create an image of the shocked traveller. R. Timperley also employs clever literary devices and descriptive writing to evoke an atmosphere. On the first page of the story Timperley uses a realistic description to create a vivid picture of Chris, she writes; ‘her little plump legs defenceless and endearing beneath the too short blue cotton skirt.’ This description allows you to imagine a clear picture of Chris’ short legs and ill fitting clothes therefore emphasising her innocence and age. This passage also makes readers understand Chris’ vulnerability and is an insight into Mrs James’ view of Christine. The writer also uses a clever realistic use of dialogue, Timperley writes: ‘Hello,’ she said. ‘I hoped you’d come †¦. Because I like you. How old are you? †¦ I’m only five and a piece †¦. I’m not A baby!’ The realism of this conversation means it is hard for Mrs James to be consoled by a rational voice, as it is difficult for Mrs James to imagine a five year old acting out such a realistic conversation by herself. This dialogue also allows the story to move on a step as Mrs James’ concern grows. The writer of ‘Harry’ uses normal everyday activities to show the gap developing between Chris and Mrs James: ‘Chris ran ahead of me. She looked up as if at someone beside her. For a brief, dreadful second, I saw a shadow on the pavement alongside her own- a long, thin shadow- like a boy’s shadow.’ This quote starts off by emphasising the distance forming, both mentally and physically, between Mrs James and Chris by writing Chris runs ahead yet also acts as provider of several chilling clues to showing Harry may be real. This passage is particularly powerful as Timperley uses dashes before describing the shadow and figure to prolong suspense and evoke real human fear. R. Timperley also writes that Chris talks of Harry while doing normal routine activities: ‘Harry’s my brother. He says so.’ She bent over the glass of milk and emerged with a smeary top lip. Then she grabbed at the biscuits. At least ‘Harry’ hadn’t spoilt her appetite!’ This quote emphasise the fact Mrs James no longer feels safe from Harry no matter where she is or what she is doing. Towards the end of this passage the writer puts Harry in inverted commas to suggest he has spoilt many aspects of their lifes. This quote is also another example of fear being found in comparative normality. Another example of good descriptive writing is when Timperley describes Chris’ attitude towards Mrs James: ‘Chris, stop this nonsense! Stop it!’ I struck her sharply on the arm. Her Crying ceased immediately. She stared At me, her blue eyes wide open and frighteningly cold. She gave me an adult stare that made me tremble.’ This demonstrates the contempt Chris begins to feel for Mrs James as she refuses to entertain the idea of Harry being real through her own fear. The quote also shows how Mrs James feels she can only express her thoughts of Harry to Chris through violence and outbursts of anger. Timperley uses personification twice to describe the white roses, she writes: ‘The roses glared whitely’ and ‘The white roses danced before my eyes and turned red.’ The first example of personification portrays a vivid picture of the roses to emphasise their importance in the story. In the second example personification is used to show the roses to be an almost human enemy and is used to describe when Mrs James collapses with fear and sunstroke. The writer says the roses turn red to symbolise danger and loss. The writer of ‘Harry’ uses a simile to describe the sun’s rays hitting Mrs James and the panic she faces, Timperley writes: ‘ The sun struck me like a hot blade.’ This simile is used as it compares the sun to a weapon that is cutting into Mrs James. The simile is also describes the sun as an enemy to emphasise Mrs James’ isolation and need for help. Both story beginnings were effective as both posed a puzzle and made the reader want the opening questions answered. In ‘Harry’ Timperley starts the story with a short sentence that immediately provokes a reaction: ‘Such ordinary things make me afraid.’ This statement provokes a reaction due to the fact that as readers we are curious to know what has made Mrs James afraid of ordinary things. Also in ‘Harry’ the brief description of the things Mrs James is afraid of intrigues readers: ‘Sunshine. Sharp shadows on the grass. White roses. Children with red hair. And the name- Harry. Such an ordinary name.’ Timperley has written the list with full stops in between each fear to emphasise their importance and so they do not detract fear from each other. This is also a good way to begin a story as the list consists of seemingly inoffensive things that have provoked an obsessive fear in Mrs James. In ‘The signalman’ Dickens uses a combination of plunging into the action and posing a puzzle to begin the story, he writes: ‘HALLOA! Below there!’ Beginning the story with speech was effective as it meant readers wanted to know where it came from and to who it was intended. Also in ‘The signalman’ readers want to find out the reason for the signalman’s strange behaviour, Dickens writes: ‘One would have thought that he could not have doubted from what quarter the voice came; but, instead of looking up to where I stood on the top of the steep cutting nearly over his head, he turned himself about and looked down the line.’ This is an effective beginning as it poses many questions to both readers and the traveller not only making you want to read on but allowing you to feel you can relate and have something in common with the traveller, a key character, meaning you want to start out on a journey along with him. In both ‘The signalman’ and ‘Harry’ there are many cases of tension and fear building up to provoke a reaction in characters and readers. In ‘The signalman’ tension and fear is built up due to the signalman’s strange behaviour, Dickens writes: ‘He twice broke off with a fallen colour, turned his face towards the little bell when it did NOT ring, opened the door of the hut and looked out towards the red light near the mouth of the tunnel.’ This builds up tension and fear as there is no rational explanation for the signalman’s behaviour and is a chilling insight into his insecurities which means the reader and traveller feel unsafe and are forced to be taken out of their secure environment. This passage is also an example of tension and fear building up as in the story the signalman is described as good at his job and intelligent so when he begins to react strangely to everyday occurrences it becomes even more curious. Also in ‘The signalman’ tension is built up when the train worker admits he used to be a contented man but now is not, Dickens writes: ‘You almost made me think that I have met with a contented man.’ ‘I believe I used to be so,’ he rejoined, in the low voice in which he had first spoken; ‘but I am troubled, sir, I am troubled.’ This is a good example of tension and fear building up as the signalman tells the traveller ha is ‘troubled’ but does not specify why he is which leaves readers to imagine what it could be and to piece together previous clues. Tension and fear is also built up when the signalman quizzes the traveller about his previous actions, which the train worker views as suspicious for an unknown reason, Dickens writes; ‘What made you cry ‘Halloa below there! Tonight?’ ‘Heavens knows,’ said I ‘I cried something to that effect-‘ ‘Not to that effect, sir. Those were the very words. I know them well.’ Tension is built up here as what the traveller sees as innocent words of greeting the train worker views as sinister. This quote also builds up tension and fear due to the fact that as readers we know something is wrong but we are not clear on what so this passage leaves us to dread what we read next. Tension and fear is also built up effectively in ‘Harry’ by R. Timperley. In ‘Harry’ tension and fear is built up from the very beginning as at the start of the story, Timperley writes: ‘And the name – Harry. Such an ordinary name. Yet the first time Christine mentioned the name, I felt a premonition of fear.’ This builds up fear as we know nothing of Harry at this point however Mrs James already expresses how feared he is by her. This quote is also chilling due to the element of fear being found in such a normal name making readers feel vulnerable aswell as Mrs James. Tension and fear is also built up when Chris mentions Harry for the first time. The story says: ‘She said: ‘I must go in now. Goodbye.’ Then walked slowly towards the house. ‘Chris, who were you talking to?’ ‘Harry,’ she said.’ Fear develops here as Mrs James is unaware of who Harry is which indicates something is not right and makes readers wonder why Christine is so at ease with him. Another example of tension and fear developing is when physical evidence of Harry begins to become apparent, Timperley writes: ‘Chris ran ahead of me. She looked up as if at someone beside her. For a brief, dreadful second, I saw a shadow on the pavement alongside her own- a long, thin shadow- like a boy’s shadow.’ Fear is built up here as seeing physical evidence of Harry means it is no longer as easy to be consoled by rational voices. Fear and tension also develops here as the shadow also fits previous descriptions given by Christine. ‘The signalman’ and ‘Harry’ share many similarities in order to evoke fear and insecurities. In both stories there is examples of rational voices attempting to console Mrs James and the train worker. In ‘The signalman’ the traveller acts as the rational voice. Once the train worker has told the traveller of the sightings, he says: ‘Why, see,’ said I how your imagin- ation misleads you.’ This is an attempt by the traveller to console the signalman. He tries to do this by suggesting the spectre is all in his mind and that the ghost does not really exist. The traveller also plays down the fear he feels by using informal language and a friendly tone. In ‘Harry’ there is also evidence of rational voices, one is Dr Webster. He says: ‘You see, every child needs company of her own age, and if she doesn’t get it, she invents it.’ This quote shows the doctor trying to console Mrs James by suggesting Chris has simply created an imaginary friend. In both cases the rational voices only relax the characters momentarily until they discover yet another clue to who Harry and the spectre really is. Both stories are also similar as Mrs James and the signalman feel isolated in their fear and pain and think there is no one who can truly understand their situations. In ‘Harry’ Mrs James feels she cannot speak to Mr James too much as in the past it has provoked anger and only served in making Mrs James feel foolish and isolated further. In ‘The signalman’ the train worker cannot inform his senior colleagues of his sightings as he believes they will think of him as mad and unfit to do his job any longer. Also in both stories readers and fellow characters begin to question both the signalman and Mrs James’ state of mind as their sightings torment them further, however, this is still not picked up on by the people closest to them. Stephen King would of approved of both ghost stories as they both met king’s criteria of what makes a good fictional ghost/horror story. Throughout ‘Harry’ Stephen king comment D applies, that states: ‘Horror fiction is a cold touch in the midst of the familiar, and good horror fiction applies this cold touch with sudden unexpected pressure.’ This comment applies as Timperley writes: ‘Even in the comparative security of the house- the house so strangely cold in this hot weather- I never let her out of my sight.’ This passage complies with King as Mrs James no longer feels safe in her own home due to Harry. This is effective as it makes readers not just characters feel insecure. King would also approve as Mrs Kings fears now reside in the familiar aswell as the unknown. R. Timperley’s ‘Harry’ also complies with Stephen King comment A: ‘They are all stories where the past eventually becomes more important than the present.’ This is applicable in ‘Harry’ as Mrs James becomes extremely concerned by Chris’ past, Timperley writes: ‘Who is this little loved stranger I’ve taken as a daughter? Who Is Christine?’ This is an example of Chris’ past becoming more vital than the present as it could hold an explanation of who Harry is and why Christine has become so obsessed with the idea of her new brother. In ‘The signalman’ Stephen King comment A also applies, Dickens writes: ‘Not to that effect, sir. Those were the very words. I know them well.’ This is a good example of the past becoming more important than the present as the root of the signalman’s suspicions of the words spoken by the traveller are from events previous to the traveller’s arrival. ‘The signalman’ also incorporates Stephen King comment C: ‘Horror stories are best when they are ambiguous and low key and restrained.’ This applies to ‘The signalman’ as the face of the spectre can never actually be seen by the train worker: ‘I never saw the face. The left arm is across the face, and the right arm is waved.’ This allows the reader to use imagination which means their worst fears can be seen in the ghost instead of someone else’s interpretation. It is also so there is still a mystery as to who or what the sighting is. ‘The signalman’ has a clever and very final ending. The traveller returns to find the signalman dead, he had been knocked down by a train after the driver had attempted to warn him by making the same hand gestures as the spectre. The signalman had been so scared by what he thought was the spectre he could not he could not avoid the oncoming train. This was an effective ending as it was powerful and had a clever twist. However, I felt ‘Harry’ had a better ending as it evoked more human fear due to the ambiguity of Harry and desperation of Mrs James. ‘Harry’ ends with Mrs James arriving late to pick Chris up, once she eventually arrives Chris’ teacher informs her Chris’ bother, Harry, has already been to collect her. The story finally ends with life going on around Mrs James although she personally still lives in fear of normal ordinary things. Both stories end with the main characters, Mrs James and the signalman, being left in isol ation. In conclusion I preferred ‘Harry’ as it evoked a sense of human fear by placing danger and insecurity in usually safe environments. However, both ‘The signalman’ and ‘Harry’ met important criteria needed in the writing of a good ghost/horror story. The stories achieved this by taking the element of safety out of normal everyday places and making the feared ghosts ambiguous and low key. Research Papers on Critique of 'The signalman' by C. Dickens and ‘Harry’ by R. Timperley - English EssayLifes What IfsQuebec and CanadaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTwilight of the UAWThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseStandardized Testing

Writing That Is Logical and Coherent

Writing That Is Logical and Coherent According to the 18th century English minister Isaac Watts, It was a saying of the ancients, Truth lies in a well; and to carry on this metaphor, we may justly say that logic does supply us with steps, whereby we may go down to reach the water. Whatever we are writing, our readers will only reach the water, or understand what we have written, if our writing is logical. If we are writing to entertain, our readers may just give up if they find our writing hard to follow. If our technical or academic writing lacks logic, they may have no choice but to struggle for comprehension. However, in either case, without a logical development of the material, our message may be lost, causing the objective of our writing to go unfulfilled.There are several logical methods that we can use to organize our writing. If we are telling a story, we might relate the events in chronological order. For instance, a biography would logically start with the individuals birth and end with their death, with the story of their life told in between. A fictional story would likewise progress from beginning to end, with events related in chronological order.In academic papers, the problem and solution method is often used. The introduction might give the reasons that the writers felt that a particular line of research was needed. This usually includes an outline of the work that has already been done in this area, with the limitations and failings of this research. The rest of the paper then gives a detailed explanation of the solution that the writers have come up with to solve these problems.The cause and effect method is very similar to the problem and solution method. This might be used for an article in a medical journal. The article could begin with a description of a particular lifestyle and then move on to describe the effects of this lifestyle. A more technical article might introduce a new drug and then give a detailed explanation of the effects of this drug.Technical documents, such as manuals or newsletters, often use a topical approach. For example, a software manual may be divided into sections, with each section explaining a different feature of the software. Providing a table of contents in the front and an index in the back allows a reader to easily turn to a specific topic.Of course, these are just examples. Other methods are also available and the methods mentioned above may be used for other forms of writing. The point is: does what weve written approach the subject in a logical way? Is the material organized so that it makes sense to the reader? Do they understand how we got from point A to point B? Does it accomplish what were seeking to accomplish? Does it entertain? Does it explain? Does it educate?In addition to applying logic to the overall organization of our writing, each section, paragraph, and individual sentence should also be logical. This seems like an obvious point. Every writer wants to be understood; he wants his writing to make sense. Yet often, even when all the facts are present, they are difficult to comprehend. For a piece to make sense, it must be coherent. The parts must be logically connected, they must stick together. You might compare this to a jigsaw puzzle. For a jigsaw puzzle or a piece of writing, to make sense, obviously, the pieces must all be there. Yet more is required. The pieces must also be put together in the proper order, and if a piece doesnt fit, it has to either be left out or moved to a place where it will fit. If these rules are not followed, the resulting picture will be difficult to discern.A common mistake in writing is trying to force pieces together. This can cause confusion. How many times have you read a sentence and then struggled to understand the point being made? As an example, consider the sentence, The women loved to cook, and there were three of them. When you read a sentence like that, do you wonder whether there is some significance to the fact that there were three wom en? Often a writer will connect two thoughts together that are not directly related. Sometimes this is done because he wants to include a fact and doesnt know where else to put it. In this example, if the writer needs to inform the reader that there were three women, it would be simpler to say, The three women loved to cook. In this way, the reader can file away the fact that there were three women, without wondering whether this fact has some special significance that he is missing.In the above example, if there is some special significance to the fact that there were three women, further explanation should be provided to make this clear. This can be done either in the same sentence or in a second sentence. For instance, The women loved to cook, and since there were three of them, the kitchen was often crowded. Or, The women loved to cook. Since there were three of them, this meant that the kitchen was often crowded. By using the words since and this meant, the reader clearly under stands the relationship between the fact that they loved to cook and the fact that there were three of them.In other cases, it may be that no relationship exists between two parts of a sentence. Two phrases may have been put together simply out of convenience. For example, The women loved to cook, and the sky was very dark that day. If these two phrases have no relationship, the reader will be confused. Even dividing them into separate sentences will not be enough. The reader will still be looking for a relationship. If none exists, he will feel that he has missed something. In this case, the whole paragraph may need to be revised, moving one of these pieces of the puzzle to a place where it makes more sense.To ensure that each sentence logically follows the one before, it may be helpful to think in terms of connective words. To continue a thought, you might use words like in addition, likewise, moreover, etc. To enumerate a list of facts you could use words or phrases such as initi ally, next, following this, etc. To show how one thing is the consequence of another, words like consequently, therefore, and admittedly might be helpful. Contrasts can be highlighted with words or expressions like however, on the other hand, nonetheless, in contrast, etc. Other connective words include certainly, obviously, undoubtedly, for example, in conclusion, finally, since, etc. These words might be used to connect two phrases together, or at the beginning of a sentence to connect it to the one before. Of course, it is not necessary to use a connective word for each sentence. It would probably sound strange if we did. Still, it is good to think in terms of connective words. It should be obvious that each sentence is connected to the one before it. It is helpful to read the piece out loud, perhaps with someone else listening. Does it flow smoothly? Does each sentence lead naturally to the next, or does it seem to jump from one point to another?To summarize, writing should be l ogical. It should be coherent, flowing smoothly from sentence to sentence and paragraph to paragraph. The reader should not have to guess at the relationship between subsequent statements. This is true regardless of the type of writing involved. Various methods can be used to organize our writing in a logical way, including chronological order, problem and solution, cause and effect, and a topical arrangement.If our writing is logical and coherent, we will have succeeded in reaching down into our personal well of truth, providing our readers with the waters of understanding.