Demings Plan-Do-Check-Act Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Demings Plan-Do-Check-Act - Coursework Example She faced many problems for the settlement of her infant child. Therefore, the idea came to my mind that she and many others like mothers are facing the adverse situation. In this case, a child may be disturbed. Therefore in order to save mothers and children form this adverse condition I planned to open a day care centre which actually provides the best services to the people regarding the care of their children that they feel fully satisfied after leaving their child here in the day care centre. The project of day care centre is done through a formal process even from the building to the hiring of staff. Initially the day care centre faces many problems. There was a little awareness about the day care centre in the public. In some cases, people do not rely on the environment and services of a day care centre. In my opinion, the problem was in the marketing of the project. We did not focus on the promotion and advertisements regarding day care centre. Some people are even unaware of the day care centre. A newly introduced project needs a high level investment on the marketing schemes. At the end of first year, the project of day care centre was a partial success just because of the lack of advertising promotions. The project could be fully successful if there was market analysis before its start. Therefore, in my opinion, a business manager should analyze the whole market in order to check the demand awareness of the project. Initially there should be a high-level investment on the marketing purpose. For these projects, there should be a marketing manager so that they can perform the duties in a regular manner (Lake, 2012). Then the management of the business can take right decisions. The concept of process management groups is very much similar to Deming’s plan, do, check and act strategy. This approach is very helpful in the problem just because of the division of work

International Law and Individual Rights Essay Example for Free

International Law and Individual Rights Essay The international law has been undergoing some evolutions since early and mid 19th century. The original international law laid a lot of emphasis on just the state as the custodian of individual rights of its citizens. (L. Oppenheim, 1912. )However, the law deemed inadequate to address individual rights, thus, following some developments, the law has undergone some transformations, which are aimed at promoting individual rights, regardless of their country, state, race, gender or religion. The main developments which have triggered these evolutions of the international law include the Holocaust, the Second World War and the establishment of international criminal courts mainly to try the perpetrators of recent genocides like the former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda The Holocaust was a form of genocide, in which Germany, lead by Adolf Hitler, undertook the extermination of stateless Jews in Germany in which 6 million Jews were killed. Nazi Germany planned and implemented the Holocaust because of the domestic jurisdiction principle of the then international law, which prevented any other state from interfering when Hitler undertook the persecution of the Jews. This made the Geneva Convention which came into being between 1864 and 1949 as a result of efforts by Henry Dunant, realize that the law needed radical changes to enable the international community to intervene in domestic matters of a nation especially those linked to individual rights (Buergenthal, T. 978 and 1997) The need for further changes to the status of individuals under international law went a notch higher after the Second World War, in which many people lost their lives due to the state of anarchy which prevailed then. In 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt in his freedom speech called for a world order in which the world could be founded upon four freedoms namely freedom of speech and expression, International Law and Individual Rights 4 reedom of worship in any way, freedom from want and freedom from fear. This was followed by the formation of the United Nations in 1949, whose main concern, among others was to address the International law, so as to empower the international community to address large scale violations of individual rights. The international law was further to evolve with the establishment of international criminal courts mainly to try the perpetrators of recent genocides like the former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda which took place in mid 1990s. A treaty to create the new international criminal court was formed in 2002, while the international criminal court was formally constituted in 2003, about six decades after the Nuremberg trials (R. K. Woetzel 1962) and the Holocaust. The main objective of this court is to ensure that nations revise their human rights aspects in their constitutions and more importantly, prosecute the leaders who oversee the violation of human rights. It can be seen that international law has undergone all these evolutions, which are all inclined towards protecting the rights of the individual, not just the nation.

Evidence-Based Practice on Wound Packing

Evidence-Based Practice on Wound Packing Evidence-Based Practice on Wound Packing Following Incision and Drainage Arlena Davis The first article was related to MD’s not using any packing when it comes to treating I D’s. Many times packing is used to debride the wound and keep fluids from pooling under the skin as well as keep area free of infection. In order to understand the outcome we need to fully understand what is involved.An abscess is a collection of pus, surrounded by inflamed tissue and usually localized (Pfenninger Fowler, 2010).The reason we need the packing is related to having an abscess and we need to keep the area clean. Leinwand 2013states packing is thought to aid hemostasis, and prevent reorganization of the abscess, we sought to determine whether packing could be omitted with equal efficacy. The second article I chose was Alimov, V., Lovecchio, F., Sinha, M., Foster, K. N., Drachman, D. (2013)to the use ofa silver-containing hydrofiber dressing for filling abscess cavity following incision and drainage in the emergency department. Is using packing always effective? Can we have equal efficacy when there is no packing used? These are questions that were sought after and answered in this particular article. At the end of the trial the patients reported faster heling and les pain as it relates to traditional packing. In the research that was conducted in the first article entitled  Use of Silver-containing hydro fiber dressing in filling the cavity related after incision and drainage at the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Advances in skin wound care, (Alimov, Lovecchio, Sinha, Foster, Drachman, 2013), clinical study design was used. This study design took the form of prospective randomized control trial. The sample size in this case was ninety-two patients (Alimov, Lovecchio, Sinha, Foster, Drachman, 2013). These patients were more than 18 years of age and were suffering from cutaneous abscess. The ninety-two study participants had been randomly assigned into two groups. These are the intervention group (Skillman, Aquacel, New Jersey, and Convatec) and the iodoform group (Alimov, Lovecchio, Sinha, Foster, Drachman, 2013). The iodoform group is the control group in this case. Of these two groups, it was noted that there were no differences in terms of demography as well as their clinical characteristics. The weaknesses that are evident in data collection are that the researchers should have randomly selected the patients in two equal groups that is 46 persons per each group. The follow-up period is also not consistent. Inconsistency comes in whereby the study claims that patients were followed up in a span of the first two weeks (Alimov, Lovecchio, Sinha, Foster, Drachman, 2013), though the follow-up was not continuous. However, the strength of this study is that it had both the intervention group and the control group. The intervention group comprised of four subgroups depending on the intended intervention. These four groups were based on interventions such as Convatec, New Jersey, Aquacel, and Skillman) (Alimov, Lovecchio, Sinha, Foster, Drachman, 2013).The other strength of the study is that it was able to provide a comparison on the level of pain between the patients initial visit and the first follow-up. In relation to the second article that dealt with the incision and the drainage of the subcutaneous abscess without packing, (Leinwand, Downing, Slater, Beck, Burton, Moyer, 2013) clinical study design was also used. In this regard, the clinical study took the form of retrogressive randomized control trial. The sample size in this study was a hundred patients, who were reported to be suffering from subcutaneous abscesses back in between May 2008 and December 2010. These 100 patients were assigned into two groups namely, the packing and the non-packing groups (Leinwand, Downing, Slater, Beck, Burton, Moyer, 2013). In this case, there were some exceptions in that some patients portraying some given conditions could not be considered. Such conditions include; patients who are immunosuppressed, or rather those suffering from diabetes. The other exception was in case the patient had a perineal or a pilonidal abscess. Last but not least, the other exception was on whether the abscess is secondary to the previous operation. These exceptions can be used as a basis for comparison among the sample, to the patients who will be seeking treatment. There are several weaknesses of the study in terms of data collection, with one of them being that it was not age specific. Apart from that, the other weakness is that; the patients were only clinically evaluated, in case there was suspicion of recurrence in the follow-up calls on the day seven and thirty (Leinwand, Downing, Slater, Beck, Burton, Moyer, 2013). These two days were referred to as postoperative. The other weakness is that, of the 100 patients, only 85 patients managed to complete the study. The study does not indicate the whereabouts of the 15 patients. On the other hand, the strength of this study is that it omitted other patients who had some other conditions that could interfere with the results. Such exceptional cases were the diabetic, immunosuppressed (Leinwand, Downing, Slater, Beck, Burton, Moyer, 2013), among others. Identification, critical appraisal, and synthesis of evidence from research articles is an essential skill in evidence-based practice (EBP) (Titler, 2008). This paper will critique two primary research articles related to the issue of wound packing following incision and drainage. The first article is authored by Leinwand et al. (2013) and is entitled â€Å"Incision and drainage of subcutaneous abscesses without the use of packing†. The second article is authored by Alimov et al. (2013) and is entitled â€Å"Use of a silver-containing hydrofiber dressing for filling abscess cavity following incision and drainage in the emergency department: A randomized controlled trial†. The study by Leinwand et al. (2013) sought to determine whether omission of the wound packing component in the management of subcutaneous abscess has similar efficacy to wound packing. The study employed a prospective randomized controlled trial design whereby 100 participants were randomized to either the wound packing group or to the non-packing group. The study enrolled pediatric participants aged less than 18 years with subcutaneous abscesses. The sample size for the study was small (100). Consequently, the study did not have significant statistical power as a sample size of 4000 was required to gain power of 80%. The researchers, however, accepted the small sample size as it was practical for the purposes of the study. The selected sample is appropriate to the population of interest because the participants were experiencing the phenomenon of interest that is abscesses requiring incision and drainage. Regarding data collection, similar pre-intervention data was collected on the operative day for all participants. These data included age, gender, and location and size of the abscess. Post-intervention data was collected through follow-up telephone calls by a pediatric surgery nurse specialist. These calls were made on the 7th and 30th post-operative days and included information on general wound appearance, adherence with warm soaks and antibiotic therapy, presence of fever, and timing of pack removal. The reliance on self-reported information may have introduced information bias due socially desirable responding and problems with recall (Fadnes, Taube, Tylleskar, 2008). Of the 100 participants who enrolled for the study, only 85 completed the study. The study found that the packing group and non-packing groups did not vary statistically with respect to abscess recurrence rates, initial parameters, and incidence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Only two abscess recurrences were reported, one for each group. In their discussion, the authors contextualize these findings in light of pre-existing evidence. They note that the findings of their study are identical to those of similar previous studies on both adults and children. The authors also compare the strengths and weaknesses and merits and demerits of their study and intervention with those of previous studies. They also discuss the two cases of treatment failure. Lastly, they provide recommendations for future studies. On the incorporation of evidence into treatment protocols, integration of research findings into treatment protocols/procedures occurs through the process of evidence-based practice. Research articles relevant to a clinical issue of concern are identified, appraised critically, and their findings used to make specific recommendations for practice on incision and drainage (Dontje, 2007). The Purpose of the Alimov et al. (2013) study was to investigate whether packing of abscess cavity with a silver-containing hydrofiber dressing instead of the standard iodoform dressing leads to less pain and faster wound healing. The study employed a prospective randomized controlled trial design whereby participants were randomized to the silver-containing hydrofiber or standard care groups. The study population consisted of adults aged more than 18 years who visited the emergency department of a teaching hospital with cutaneous abscesses >2cm in diameter that required incision and drainage. The selected sample consisted of 92 patients. The sample for the study is appropriate to the selected topic as it focuses on the issue of incision and drainage protocols. Data for the study was collected and documented on a standard form except for pain. The data collected included pertinent demographic and clinical variables. Pain was assessed using a self-report scale, the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. The use of a self-report scale for pain may have introduced social desirability bias. The findings of the study may have also been contaminated by bias due to the manual measurement of the dimensions of the abscess cavities. The primary outcome measures for the study were the proportion of patients with a reduction of 30% or > in the surface area of the abscess at the first follow up visit (between 48 and 72 hours). The other main outcome variable was proportion of patients with 30% or > decrease in the surrounding cellulites at the first visit. The secondary outcome measure was the change in self-reported pain intensity at primary and consequent visits. The study found that 82.6% of the patients in the silver-containing hydrofiber group had a reduction of 30% or > in the surface area of the abscess compared to the 26.1% of the subjects in the iodoform group (p In this article, the number of participating pediatric patients who had subcutaneous abscesses was one hundred. Patients who successfully completed the study were only 85: 43 packing group and 42 non-packing group. There existed an arithmetic variance between the two groups that concerned the initial parameters, recurring abscesses, (single in every group), or incidence of MRSA (81.4 packing groups over 85.7 non-packing group). Subcutaneous abscesses incision, as well as drainage without the utilization of packing, is an effective as well as a safe technique. This article should present the data in a more transparent way. In this article, there was a prospective enrollment of 92 patients and these patients. There was also random assignment of these patients to the iodoform groups or Aquacel Ag. The SD was 12.0, and the average age was 38. The patients in iodoform group were 43 while those in Aquacel group were 49. There two groups lacked disparity in clinical and demographic characteristics. The domino effect of the deterioration study pointed out that the Aquacel Ag was autonomously associated with over 30% abscesses’ surface area reduction. This, however excluded first follow-up cellulitis. The pain intensity also decreased significantly as perceived by the Aquacel group patients. In cutaneous abscesses patients, there was faster wood healing as well as pain reduction while using antimicrobial-hydro fiber ribbon form of dressing than while using iodoform dressing. This article is important as it offers information on which choice is best while dressing. It is recommended thatmore research on this subject as this will provide more information on subcutaneous abscesses treatment. These articles will help me in my career as a nurse practitioner because of the versatility of the procedures and the information provided. In summary, this paper has critiqued two research articles related to the issue of wound packing following incision and drainage. The articles by Leinwand et al. (2013) and Alimov et al. (2013) have been critiqued in terms of their purpose, design, sample, data collection procedures, results, and discussion. References Alimov, V., Lovecchio, F., Sinha, M., Foster, K. N., Drachman, D. (2013). Use of a silver- containing hydrofiber dressing for filling abscess cavity following incision and drainage in the emergency department: A randomised controlled trial. Advances in Skin and Wound Care, 26, 20-25. Dontje, K. J. (2007). Evidence-based practice: Understanding the process. Topics in Advanced Practice Nursing, 7(4). Fadnes, L., Taube, A., Tylleskar, T. (2008). How to identify information bias due to self-reporting in epidemiological research. The Internet Journal of Epidemiology, 7(2). Leinwand, M., Downing, M., Slater, D., Beck, M., Burton, K., Moyer, D. (2013). Incision and drainage of subcutaneous abscesses without the use of packing. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 48(9), 1962-1965. Titler, M. G. (2008). The evidence for evidence-based practice implementation. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2659/

Native American Women :: American America History

Native American Women On few subjects has there been such continual misconception as on the position of women among Indians. Because she was active, always busy in the camp, often carried heavy burdens, attended to the household duties, made the clothing and the home, and prepared the family food, the woman has been depicted as the slave of her husband, a patient beast of encumbrance whose labors were never done. The man, on the other hand, was said to be an loaf, who all day long sat in the shade of the lodge and smoked his pipe, while his overworked wives attended to his comfort. In actuality, the woman was the man's partner, who preformed her share of the obligations of life and who employed an influence quite as important as his, and often more powerful. Native Americans established primary relationships either through a clan system, descent from a common ancestor, or through a friendship system, much like tribal societies in other parts of the world. In the Choctaw nation, " Moieties were subdivided into several nontotemic, exogamous, matrilineal 'kindred' clans, called iksa." (Faiman-Silva, 1997, p.8) The Cheyenne tirbe also traced their ancestry through the woman's lineage. Moore (1996, p. 154) shows this when he says "Such marriages, where the groomcomes to live in the bride's band, are called 'matrilocal'." Leacock (1971, p. 21) reveals that "...prevailing opinion is that hunting societies would be patrilocal.... Matrilineality, it is assumed, followed the emergence of agriculture...." Leacock (p. 21) then stated that she had found the Montagnais-Naskapi, a hunting society, had been matrilocal until Europeans stepped in. "The Tanoan Pueblos kinship system is bilateral. The household either is of the nuclear type or is extended t o include relatives of one or both parents...." (Dozier, 1971, p. 237) The statuses and roles for men and women varied considerably among Native Americans, depending on each tribe's cultural orientations. In matrilineal and matrilocal societies, women had considerable power because property, housing, land, and tools, belonged to them. Because property usually passed from mother to daughter, and the husband joined his wife's family, he was more of a stranger and yielded authority to his wife's eldest brother. As a result, the husband was unlikely to become an authoritative, domineering figure. Moreover, among such peoples as the Cherokee, Iroquois, and Pueblo, a disgruntled wife, secure in her possessions, could simply divorce her husband by tossing his belongings out of their residence.

Communication Studies Interal Assessment Essay

It is no secret that females are excelling in education and leadership at a faster rate than males. Our boys are being marginalized and girls are being considered more brilliant. This has personally grabbed my interest and consequently i have chosen to examine how well the GSAT prepares our males for high school level. For this Internal Assessment my attention will be centred on the extent to which the Grade Six Achievement Test prepares male students for academic progress and achieve in the future schools, and if the examination itself caters to their learning style. In the reflection of this assessment i will highlight some of the issues faced by males in preparation the GSAT and in the expository section of this i will discuss the issues and challenges brought out in the story, thus all contributes in achieving the purpose. Education is related to my academic interest as personally it pains my heart to see how boys in the Rockfort area and even the society at large are being marginalized. Even now, I teach a math class of about 10 students and not one of them are mails. In the future by whatever means possible i would like to make a difference in that. Having had this experience I now would like to help to offer my time and skills in assisting males preparing for GSAT or any other examination as a work related interest. Having gone through the system and being a high achiever myself I know there is a lot I have to offer which will eventually help even my own development. In all that, the purpose of the topic is t let my readers and listeners know that there are weaknesses in the GSAT that are affecting our males. Preface The purpose of the reflection is ultimately to highlight the some of the weaknesses in the GSAT that are affecting our males. It will also show the lack of preparation on getting male students ready to sit the examination. It will further look at the limitations to the curriculum in meeting the learning styles of males. The Ministry of Education on a broad scale will be the target in this story of the poor performance of the boys. The GSAT curriculum developers also will be targeted as to the reason for the poor performance of boys in the examination; they being the ones to set the structure of the examination. The setting of the story will take place in the community of Rockfort (Kingston 2). This is inclusive of a school known as the Windward Road Primary and Junior High school. Characters in the Story will communicate mainly interpersonally, but there may also be intrapersonal communication and small group communication in its minority. The point I wish to bring across in this story is that, the GSAT is not doing enough for our boys. It doesn’t meet the requirements of some the males sitting the examination. Males are rather more practically inclined, and oral in their expression. These things are to be taking into consideration when making the GSAT curriculum. Thus my final point is the GSAT is unsophisticated.

Free Essays on Sadism, Masochism, and Exhibitionism

Index Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg.3 Content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg.4 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..pg.7 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.8 Introduction It is not a modern issue the fact that sexual fantasies appear in someone’s mind. Since humans exist the sexual desire has existed too; it is an instinct we born with. Nowadays it is turning more common the expressions of new methods to find the sexual pleasure. Some find it by simply being with a partner, others find it by using animals or children, but others reach such pleasure by watching other’s pain or even by feeling their own personal pain. These are psychological disorders presented in many humans even if they don’t seem as a sick person. Sadism, Masochism, and Exhibitionism are turning more popular among the people and this should be controlled. It is such an important matter in our society that we now at least a little about this disorders, that we present information about them, their symptoms, etc. The paraphiliac focus of Sexual Masochism involves the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer. Some individuals are bothered by their masochist fantasies, which may be invoked during sexual intercourse or masturbation but not otherwise acted on. Others act on the masochist sexual urges by themselves or with a partner. Masochist acts that may be sought with a partner include restraint, blindfolding, paddling, spanking, whipping, beating, electrical shocks, cutting, â€Å"pinning and piercing† (infibulation), and humiliation. The individuals may have a desire to be treated as helpless infant and clothed in diapers (â€Å"infantilism†). One particular dangerous form of Sexual Masochism, called â€Å"hypoxyphilia†, involves sexual arousal... Free Essays on Sadism, Masochism, and Exhibitionism Free Essays on Sadism, Masochism, and Exhibitionism Index Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg.3 Content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg.4 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..pg.7 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.8 Introduction It is not a modern issue the fact that sexual fantasies appear in someone’s mind. Since humans exist the sexual desire has existed too; it is an instinct we born with. Nowadays it is turning more common the expressions of new methods to find the sexual pleasure. Some find it by simply being with a partner, others find it by using animals or children, but others reach such pleasure by watching other’s pain or even by feeling their own personal pain. These are psychological disorders presented in many humans even if they don’t seem as a sick person. Sadism, Masochism, and Exhibitionism are turning more popular among the people and this should be controlled. It is such an important matter in our society that we now at least a little about this disorders, that we present information about them, their symptoms, etc. The paraphiliac focus of Sexual Masochism involves the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer. Some individuals are bothered by their masochist fantasies, which may be invoked during sexual intercourse or masturbation but not otherwise acted on. Others act on the masochist sexual urges by themselves or with a partner. Masochist acts that may be sought with a partner include restraint, blindfolding, paddling, spanking, whipping, beating, electrical shocks, cutting, â€Å"pinning and piercing† (infibulation), and humiliation. The individuals may have a desire to be treated as helpless infant and clothed in diapers (â€Å"infantilism†). One particular dangerous form of Sexual Masochism, called â€Å"hypoxyphilia†, involves sexual arousal...

Factors affecting the job satisfaction among employee among the staff turnover in organisations The WritePass Journal

Factors affecting the job satisfaction among employee among the staff turnover in organisations INTRODUCTION: Factors affecting the job satisfaction among employee among the staff turnover in organisations INTRODUCTION:LITERATURE REVIEW:RESEARCH METHODS:Research design:Sampling plan:Data collection and Interpretation:Ethical issues:Work-PlanREFERENCES:Related INTRODUCTION: Job satisfaction is the feeling of the employee about the job, if he feels good and contained from the job, he is satisfied from the job else vice versa. Job satisfaction is the prime necessity of the employee to keep them retained in any organisation. Job satisfaction is directly proportional to staff turnover and plenty literature exists on this topic. Jackofsky and Peters (1983) were among the earliest researchers who pinned out that there is a huge relationship between the employee leaving the job and the job satisfaction among them and many researchers have established similar relationship. Having worked for one of the company in Pakistan as a permanent employee for 2 years, I was one of the victims of lack of job satisfaction which eventually was the cause for me leaving my job and focussing on my further studies. This experience of myself led me a drive to do a research on the relationship between the job satisfaction and the staff turnover. Since plenty research has already been done on this topic this research tries to find the different factors affecting the job satisfaction of the employee. This research aims to study the different factors associated with job satisfaction and eventually causing staff turnover which when found out could be taken care of and hence providing employee with proper factors and minimising the turnover. Thus this research tries to the following questions. 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is job satisfaction the prime culprit behind the staff turnover? One of the questions this research tries to answer is the relationship between the job satisfaction and the staff turnover. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are the factors associated with job satisfaction which are causing job dissatisfaction? Secondly, this research tries to analyse the factors associated with job satisfaction and once this is known this helps organisation to take extra care on these factors which are associated with the job satisfaction and eventually leading to the staff turnover. Under this broad endeavour, this research aim to fulfil the objectives. 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To postulate the relation between the salaries, supervision, status, security i.e., hygiene factors with job satisfaction. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To analyse the relation between the growth, reorganisation, authority i.e.   motivation factor with job satisfaction. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To postulate the relation between the job satisfaction and staff turnover. Once this research is carried out this will help identify the culprit behind the increasing staff turnover and eventually help management to retain their expertise by taking extra care on those factors. LITERATURE REVIEW: The best suited theory to measure the relationship between the job satisfaction and the staff turnover in many organisations is the Frederick Herzberg and his co-workers (1959) two factors theory and this is why this research is based on the different factors associated with job satisfaction as identified by Herzberg. This theory includes two factors which measures the satisfaction level and the motivation level among the staffs. These factors are: Hygiene factors: These factors are needed to ensure that the employee does not get dissatisfied with their job. The factors are working conditions, quality of supervision, salary, status, security, company policies and administration. Taking care of these factors might reduce the staff turnover and finally resulting in reduced employee cost. Motivation factors: These factors are needed to motivate to employee for higher performance. The factors are achievement, recognition for achievement, responsibility for task, interest in the job, growth. Thus, in any organisations these two factors are essential component and in order to keep their staff retained and motivated. Providing employee with proper hygiene factors ensures that they do not get dissatisfied but that does not mean that they are satisfied. In fact it is the motivation factors as mentioned above that helps the organisation to keep their staff satisfied with their job. Thus, we look into both different hygiene and motivation factors that have the relation with the staff turnover. Jackofsky and Peters (1983) were among the first researchers who pinned out a relationship between the job satisfaction and the turnover among the employee. Current research studies recommended that worker turnover was related to job satisfaction generated from factors internal and external to the organization. Allen, Drevs, Rube,(1999); Cooper-Hakim Viswesvaran, (2005); Slattery Selvarajan, (2005); Trevor, (2001), Price et al. (2007) all supported the fact   that job satisfaction was on top of all   the main reason of employee leaving the job.   In one of the research carried out by Bass, (1990); Hoffman, (2007); Owens, (2006) it was found out that organisations profited with increase in production, decrease in staff turnover and increased efficiency when provided with good working condition. Managers having the knowledge of negative impact of employee turnover take extra care on the working environment of the company and by doing this they not only retain their expertise in their company but also save the extra cost that need to be invested on training and education of new staff once their experienced staff leave the job due to job dissatisfaction. The study of staff turnover clearly indicated that job contentment was one of the main reasons behind staff leaving the job. It is clear that the management needs to understand the need and importance of the motivation to keep their skilled and expert employee retained which eventually profits the company not only by saving the extra investment on the training their new employee but also by gaining the competitive advantage on their rival companies . Lockwood, (2007)   noticed that the employee are hugely affected by by managers behaviours, training, work division, authority, job life balance, employee return and pay   are all dependent on the behaviour of the managers.   All these mentioned factors have a huge connection with the job satisfaction of the employee and on lack of these proper motivation factors employee tend to quit from their current job (Daly Dee, 2006; Lambert, Hogan, Barton, 2001; Zellars et al., 2005). Ramlall (2004) suggested that worker spur has consequence on worker turnover rate in the organization. Ramlall, (2004) suggested that the companies benefits a lot by retaining their expert and skilled employee and the most appropriate way of doing it is to provide them with proper hygiene and motivational factors.   Lack of sufficient training to make employee cope with different circumstances and chances of growth opportunities is also one of the major reasons for turnover among employees. Green (2004) suggested that providing employees with good training and proper development opportunities makes a lot of difference in turnover rate and it certainly aids in decreased staff turnover. According to Owens (2006), training improved â€Å"job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover cognition† and, in addition the performance of the company as well. Little (2006) found out that more than double the amount of staffs tends to leave the companies in absence of proper tr aining which goes down significantly on providing proper training. Elton Mayo came out with a finding that it is the job characteristics that have more priority over the wage or salary of the employee which was also supported by Wren, (1994). Rai, (2004) carried out a research and concluded that motivation helps both organisation as well as the employee to achieve their personal goals as well and by having motivated staffs companies can achieve its targets effectively . Jones.B Lloyd, (2005) conducted a research and identified that the policies of the company, remuneration, leader styles and the co-operation among the staff of the companies are the main points to be taken care of so that the staff do not get dissatisfied. Having provided staffs with all these factors does not confirm the motivation. It just confirms that the staffs do not get dissatisfied. To make them satisfied they need to be provided with motivation factors such as working environment, safety, growth as pointed out by Kinnear and Sutherland, (2001); Meudell and Rodham, (1998); Maertz and Griffeth, (2004). These are the factors that really helps the employee to be motivated and these are the factors that the company should take care of in order to keep their staff motivated retain their experts as well as get maximum benefits from their work and experience. Thus, from the literature available we came to know that there are different factors associated with job satisfaction which has an effect on turnover. We also came to know that to keep the staff satisfied we should first of all take care that they do not get dissatisfied. The different factors associated with job satisfaction and eventually leading to turnover are: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pay: Ting (1997) emphasized the importance of pay is powerfully determined of job satisfaction. in addition, he also explained two different type of pay methods effect on job satisfaction; contentment with pay itself and satisfaction with monetary scenario in the future. There is an established importance of two types which are related with job satisfaction. Katz, (1987) in his research concluded that better payment not only makes the staff satisfied with the job but also help in the retention of the staffs. He not only emphasised that there is a strong correlation between the job satisfaction and the payment method but also the job satisfaction and the turnover among the staffs.   Akerlof, (1984) also supported the above mentioned findings by Katz and also included that better payment method increases the loyalty as well as the productivity and the efficiency of the organisations. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Supervision: Bradley, Petrescu and Simmons (2004) investigate the impact of human resource management practices related to job satisfaction. They confirmed the relation between the job satisfaction and the supervision and also confirmed that on absence of proper and efficient supervision they tend to quit from the job. In highly skilled jobs like engineering, RD the excessive intervention of supervisor is undesirable and the employee quit from their jobs. Keashly and Jagatic (2000) give an idea about poor of supervision lead the dissatisfaction of workers or employees. Moreover, later study by Karasek and Theorell (1990) finds that deprived administration not only caused the dissatisfaction of employees’ work, but also turnover. In addition, Harmon et al., (2007) explains the manage overwork exercise which is supervision significantly correlated with amplified job satisfaction and lower turnover rates among the labour. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Training:   Tan Batra, 1995; Aw Tan, (1995), Schaffner   (2001) on his study affirm the affiliation among job training and efficiency, yet job training tends to be drop value when the workers alter job, therefore the organization or firm boost the charge of keeping skilled position packed. In spite of, there is in uncertainly of the association connecting job training and turnover. Many studies have been overcome the suspicion such as Batt (2002) finds that â€Å"high-involvement† exercises such as independence, team group effort, and training are correlated to reduce employee turnover and enlarged productivity. Supporting by Lynch (1991) gives an idea about untaught labour lead to change job more often. A long the similar line, Huselid, Jackson and Schular (1995) come across that an growing in efficiency work excercises alter declining in turnover (Bradley, Petrescu   Simmons, 2004). Lack of suitable exercise is one of the major reasons for turnove r. Green (2004) suggested that suitable assortment of the applicant and nurturing them from good training and proper progress opportunities makes a lot of difference in turnover rate as supported by Allen Katz, (1995); Gordon Bal, (2001). Thus, we clearly see from the above literature that job training, pay methods, supervisions are the prime reasons of job satisfaction. If the employees are provided with the proper training, proper pay and good guidance the satisfaction level among the staffs are high and this has a direct effect on the turnover. If the satisfaction among staff is high they tend to retain to their current jobs and if the satisfaction level is low they tend to quit from their current job. So, this research wills basically testing the validity of these factors and their correlation between the job satisfaction and the staff turnover. So this research will be carried out following the above theoretical framework. As suggested by the framework, provision of appropriate training, pay and supervision leads to job satisfaction whereas, inappropriate or no training, lesser pay, and poor supervision leads to turnover. RESEARCH METHODS: The research proposed will follow a deductive approach and will be and cross-sectional in nature being a study of particular phenomenon at a particular time. The research will follow a survey strategy as most cross-sectional studies do (Easterby-Smith et al.,2002;Robson,2002). According to Fink (2003), surveys are systems for collecting quantitative information from people to describe people, their approach and their activities. Furthermore, survey integrates multiple pros, compared to other ways of research strategies. Some advantages of them are listed below: Allows flexibility in terms of doing the survey like one could take interview for the data collection, send questionnaire through post or mails, take telephone interview or even observe the sample population and then generalise the result among the particular population on which the research is based on. Surveys are cheap and efficient way of collecting information from large number of people. The questioned asked are up to the target which is then documented, veiled, and analyzed. Time and money on tangential questions is saved. It is reliable due to being simple, easily understood by most population and being motivated towards the population. Researcher’s preconceived notion is greatly eliminated. Feasibility of large samples at a time makes result statistically momentous, even when multiple variables are being compared. Standardization provides you more control over the research process and helps reducing several errors. Research design: The research will be descriptive, cross-sectional in nature. The quantitative research consists of the detail and fully prepared and administered questionnaire satisfying the Fing’s (2003) features for the best survey information system. The research questionnaire will be divided in three groups first it will be demographic, like age, sex, location and the name of the company. The second section will be about measuring the supervision, job training and pay in the company. This section will have the questionnaire which are rated from 1 to 5 like 1(strongly agree) 2(agree), and similarly 5 (strongly disagree). The third section will consist of the questionnaire in order to measure the job satisfaction level and turnover. Dependent variables: Staff turnover, satisfaction. Independent variables: job training, pay , supervision. Sampling plan: The sample in this research would be all the staffs working in an organisations and the manager supervising those staffs of any randomly selected organisations. It is assumed that there would be around 30 staffs in each organisation so the total sample size is around 600 participants, which will in fact provide the detail calculation. Data collection and Interpretation: The entire prepared questionnaire will be mailed to the staffs of the organisations selection through a monkey survey accounted that is created for this survey. Maximum of 8 weeks is given to the staffs to return the questionnaire. Once all the data is collected, the calculation of the sample who did not return the questionnaire is done also the number of sample who did not fully answered the questionnaire is calculated. The collected data are then entered in to the SPSS. 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